The transport layer is a fourth layer from the top. The transport layer's central role is to support the broadcasting services precisely to the application procedures running on multiple hosts.It includes the transport service of the session layer entities quality, where quality is determined in the condition of residual error ... Read More

The Distance-Vector routing algorithm is known by other names. Bellman-Ford routing algorithm and the Ford-Fulkerson algorithm are generally distributed after the researchers create it (Bellman 1957, and Ford and Fulkerson, 1962).FeaturesFollowing are the features of the distance vector routing are −The routers send the knowledge of the whole autonomous framework.Sharing ... Read More

Non-adaptive algorithm or static routing is independent of the current traffic and topology volume. They determine the route to which a datagram is to send off-line. The route is computed and downloaded to the routers when the network is booted. Thus, routing data is manually specified. It provides fixed-route data ... Read More

The network layer offers its functions to the transport layer, and for that, it takes services of the data link layer. Its functions are carried out by adding a header to every Network Service data unit (N-SDU). This header is in the form of Protocol Control Information (PCI). Thus a ... Read More

PPP is a protocol that is generally used to provide similar functionality as SLIP. It is the best robust protocol that can transfer different types of packets also along with IP Packets. It can also be needed for dial-up and hired router-router lines. It generally supports the framing techniques to ... Read More

A mode in HDLC is the realigning between two machines contained in a network. The mode describes who controls the link. HDLC determines three types of stations such as primary, secondary, and combined.A primary station is a controlling station on a connection. It controls the secondary stations on the connection ... Read More

The HDLC process is regulated by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). This is possible for high-speed communication of a high amount of information. The necessary control process cannot support this communication.The HDLC process has been regulated and established on the SDLC. In addition to the characters, bit strings of ... Read More

The Hamming code can be used to the data units of any length when we consider the two codewords which have the same length. The Hamming distance between two codewords is represented as the number of positions in which their specific item differs.ExampleHamming Distance is 3.Hamming code is also known ... Read More

In the detection method, only the error can be detected. Still, in the error correction method, the errors are corrected automatically at the receiver end and no need for re-transmission.  The burst error correction is very limited to 2 bits only.Each kbit block of data is added with redundant bits ... Read More

Parity Bit is the simplest and frequently used method for detecting an error. In this method, we have to join a parity bit to the end of the data structure. The bit is so chosen that the weight of codeword is either even or odd of, i.e. V is the ... Read More