Co-axial includes a central copper wire surrounded by PVC insulation over which a copper mesh sleeve is placed. Again, the metal sleeve is shielded by an outer shield of thick PVC material, as shown in the figure.The coaxial cable structure provides it with the right mixture of high bandwidth and ... Read More

Twisted-pair are generally made of copper, and a pair of wires are twisted together to decrease interference by adjacent wires. A twisted pair includes two conductors (copper), each with its plastic insulation, twisted together. One of the wires can transfer signals to the receiver, and the difference is used just ... Read More

It is the description of analog data by an analog signal. Modulation of analog signals means converting analog signals to an analog signal. It is required because the sender’s signal is of low pass and can be of the same range. For example, each radio station has a low pass ... Read More

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is limited by the equipment’s ability to distinguish the small phase difference. This factor is responsible for determining its potential bit rate. Quadrature amplitude modulation can be defined as a consolidation of ASK and PSK so that a maximum difference between each signal unit (bit, dibit, ... Read More

In phase-shift keying (PSK), the carrier phase is different to describe binary 1 or 0. Both peak amplitude and frequency remain constant as the process modifies. For example, if we begin with 0 degrees to define binary 0, we can adjust the procedure to 180 degrees to transmit binary 1. ... Read More

In frequency-shift keying (FSK), the carrier signal frequency is varied to illustrate binary 1 or 0. The frequency of the signal during each bit period is constant, and its value based on the bit (0 or 1) both peak amplitude and phase remain constant.The figure provides the conceptual view of ... Read More

In amplitude shift keying (ASK), the carrier signal’s strength varies to describe binary 1 or 0. Both frequency and phase remain constant while the amplitude modifies. A bit duration is a time that represents one bit. The signal’s peak amplitude during each bit duration is continuous, and its value is ... Read More

Digital-to-Analog conversion or digital-to-analog modulation is the phase of converting one of the features of an analog signal depending on the data in a digital signal (0s and 1s) when we communicate information from one system to another across a public access phone line.For example, the initial data are digital, ... Read More

When an analog signal is digitalized, that is known as analog-to-digital conversion.Consider a human address a voice in the structure of an analog signal. We require to digitalize the analog signal that is smaller inclined to noise. It needed a decrease in the several values in an analog message defined ... Read More

The bipolar encoding scheme defines three voltage methods: positive, negative, and zero. In the Bipolar encoding scheme, zero levels define binary 0, and binary 1 is described by rotating positive and negative voltages.Assume the first 1 bit is described by positive amplitude. A negative voltage means the second 1 bit; ... Read More