Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is limited by the equipment’s ability to distinguish the small phase difference. This factor is responsible for determining its potential bit rate. Quadrature amplitude modulation can be defined as a consolidation of ASK and PSK so that a maximum difference between each signal unit (bit, dibit, ... Read More

In phase-shift keying (PSK), the carrier phase is different to describe binary 1 or 0. Both peak amplitude and frequency remain constant as the process modifies. For example, if we begin with 0 degrees to define binary 0, we can adjust the procedure to 180 degrees to transmit binary 1. ... Read More

In frequency-shift keying (FSK), the carrier signal frequency is varied to illustrate binary 1 or 0. The frequency of the signal during each bit period is constant, and its value based on the bit (0 or 1) both peak amplitude and phase remain constant.The figure provides the conceptual view of ... Read More

In amplitude shift keying (ASK), the carrier signal’s strength varies to describe binary 1 or 0. Both frequency and phase remain constant while the amplitude modifies. A bit duration is a time that represents one bit. The signal’s peak amplitude during each bit duration is continuous, and its value is ... Read More

Digital-to-Analog conversion or digital-to-analog modulation is the phase of converting one of the features of an analog signal depending on the data in a digital signal (0s and 1s) when we communicate information from one system to another across a public access phone line.For example, the initial data are digital, ... Read More

When an analog signal is digitalized, that is known as analog-to-digital conversion.Consider a human address a voice in the structure of an analog signal. We require to digitalize the analog signal that is smaller inclined to noise. It needed a decrease in the several values in an analog message defined ... Read More

The bipolar encoding scheme defines three voltage methods: positive, negative, and zero. In the Bipolar encoding scheme, zero levels define binary 0, and binary 1 is described by rotating positive and negative voltages.Assume the first 1 bit is described by positive amplitude. A negative voltage means the second 1 bit; ... Read More

Polar encoding is an encoding design that needs two voltage methods — one is positive, and the second is negative.An average voltage method is decreased using both techniques, and the unipolar encoding scheme’s DC component is removed.In Manchester and differential encoding, each bit includes both +ve and –ve voltage. Therefore, ... Read More

Digital transmission system manages by sending voltage pulses and a medium link, usually a wire or cable. The most encoding one voltage stands for binary '0' and other voltage as binary '1'.The polarity of pulse defines either +ve or – ve unipolar encoding because it works with only one polarity. ... Read More

For data transmission or transmissions, depending on the distance between devices and transmission media, the data must be converted in a form that can be quickly and correctly transmitted. Mostly the information is transmitted in the form of electrical signals. The conversion of data bits into electrical signals cannot be ... Read More