Each router on the network supports a routing table in memory that may be simple or complex. In the simplest form, the table consists of pairs of IP addresses.When the originating station involves that the intended destination is directly reachable, the frame is sent immediately to the frame's destination IP ... Read More

Connection-Oriented ServicesIn a connection-oriented service, each packet is related to a source/destination connection. These packets are routed along a similar path, known as a virtual circuit. Thus, it provides an end-to-end connection to the client for reliable data transfer.It delivers information in order without duplication or missing information. It does ... Read More

Hub is a unique device used to enhance a network by enabling increased workstations in the network.The three main types of Hubs are as follows−Passive HubPassive hubs do not include any computerized elements, and they do not procedure the data signal at all. The main goal of a passive hub ... Read More

The B-ISDN (broadband integrated services digital network) is a virtual circuit-switched network that can use high-speed packet switching services. The B-ISDN will use a flexible multiplexing format called ATM (asynchronous transfer mode).B-ISDN services are classified into interactive and distribution services. Interactive services contain the bidirectional flow of user information between ... Read More

A TCP connection is a full-duplex connection. To understand the connection release, we can consider them to be a pair of simplex connections. We can then imagine that each simplex connection is being released independently. Releasing a TCP connection is symmetric. Either port can send a TCP segment with the ... Read More

The connection is established in TCP using the three-way handshake as discussed earlier to create a connection. One side, say the server, passively stays for an incoming link by implementing the LISTEN and ACCEPT primitives, either determining a particular other side or nobody in particular.The other side performs a connect ... Read More

Every TCP segment consists of a 20 byte fixed format header. Header options may follow the fixed header. With a header so that it can tag up to 65535 data bytes.The TCP header format is shown in the figure below −Source PortIt is a 16-bit source port number used by ... Read More

The transport layer is a fourth layer from the top. The transport layer's central role is to support the broadcasting services precisely to the application procedures running on multiple hosts.It includes the transport service of the session layer entities quality, where quality is determined in the condition of residual error ... Read More

The Distance-Vector routing algorithm is known by other names. Bellman-Ford routing algorithm and the Ford-Fulkerson algorithm are generally distributed after the researchers create it (Bellman 1957, and Ford and Fulkerson, 1962).FeaturesFollowing are the features of the distance vector routing are −The routers send the knowledge of the whole autonomous framework.Sharing ... Read More

Non-adaptive algorithm or static routing is independent of the current traffic and topology volume. They determine the route to which a datagram is to send off-line. The route is computed and downloaded to the routers when the network is booted. Thus, routing data is manually specified. It provides fixed-route data ... Read More