The two types of Connections in FTP are as follows −Control ConnectionThere are two steps −The server issues a positive open on the well-known port 21 and waits for a client.The client uses an ephemeral port and issues an active open.The connection remains open during the whole process.Data ConnectionThe data ... Read More

ARC NET stands for Attached Resources Computing Network. It is the central LAN topology in which coaxial cables are used. It is very similar to a thin net (thin Ethernet) in appearance, but the cable used in it is 93 ohm RG-62 A/U cable which is not interchangeable with the ... Read More

It makes use of the lower gigahertz frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum. These frequencies are higher than radio frequencies, and they make better throughput and execution. This transmission can be further classified as Terrestrial or Satellite.Types of Microwave TransmissionThere are two types of microwave transmission, which are as follows.Terrestrial Microwave ... Read More

Radio waves have frequencies between 10 kHz and 1 gigahertz. The range of electromagnetic spectrum between 10 kHz and 1 GHz is known as radiofrequency (RF).Radio waves are omnidirectional. When an antenna sends radio waves, they are propagated in all directions. This defines that the sending and receiving antennas do ... Read More

The electromagnetic waves having frequencies between 1 and 300 GHz are known as a microwave. Microwave systems use very high-frequency radio or television signals to transmit data through space. Therefore, the transmitter and receiver of a microwaves system, which is mounted on very high towers, should be invisible to each ... Read More

In this type of media, the signal propagates in the form of electromagnetic waves without the requirement of solid media, i.e., in the air. There are also called wireless media.The electromagnetic spectrum used for wireless communication is shown in the figure −Propagation MethodsThe unguided signals can travel from the transmitter ... Read More

A fibre optic cable is made of glass or plastic and transmits signals in the structure of light signals. The structure of an optical fibre cable is displayed in the figure. It involves an inner glass core surrounded by a glass cladding that reflects the light into the core. Each ... Read More

Co-axial includes a central copper wire surrounded by PVC insulation over which a copper mesh sleeve is placed. Again, the metal sleeve is shielded by an outer shield of thick PVC material, as shown in the figure.The coaxial cable structure provides it with the right mixture of high bandwidth and ... Read More

Twisted-pair are generally made of copper, and a pair of wires are twisted together to decrease interference by adjacent wires. A twisted pair includes two conductors (copper), each with its plastic insulation, twisted together. One of the wires can transfer signals to the receiver, and the difference is used just ... Read More

It is the description of analog data by an analog signal. Modulation of analog signals means converting analog signals to an analog signal. It is required because the sender’s signal is of low pass and can be of the same range. For example, each radio station has a low pass ... Read More