There are a few effects of errors which are as follows −Attenuation: Due to error, the signal may get attenuated, i.e., the data may be costly in the extreme case.Delay Distortion: Due to this error at the receiving end, the wave is distorted due to a delay in transmission.Interference in voice communication ... Read More

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) provides a connectionless packet service that offers unreliable 'best effort' delivery. This represents that the packet's arrival is not guaranteed, and also there is no guarantee for the correct sequencing of forwarded packets.An application that does not require an acknowledgement of data receipt. For example, audio ... Read More

TFTP represents the Trivial File Transfer Protocol. Some applications do not need the full functionality of TCP, nor can they afford the complexity. TFTP supports an inexpensive structure that does not require complex interactions between the client and the server. TFTP confine operations to simple File Transfer and does not ... Read More

The two types of Connections in FTP are as follows −Control ConnectionThere are two steps −The server issues a positive open on the well-known port 21 and waits for a client.The client uses an ephemeral port and issues an active open.The connection remains open during the whole process.Data ConnectionThe data ... Read More

ARC NET stands for Attached Resources Computing Network. It is the central LAN topology in which coaxial cables are used. It is very similar to a thin net (thin Ethernet) in appearance, but the cable used in it is 93 ohm RG-62 A/U cable which is not interchangeable with the ... Read More

It makes use of the lower gigahertz frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum. These frequencies are higher than radio frequencies, and they make better throughput and execution. This transmission can be further classified as Terrestrial or Satellite.Types of Microwave TransmissionThere are two types of microwave transmission, which are as follows.Terrestrial Microwave ... Read More

Radio waves have frequencies between 10 kHz and 1 gigahertz. The range of electromagnetic spectrum between 10 kHz and 1 GHz is known as radiofrequency (RF).Radio waves are omnidirectional. When an antenna sends radio waves, they are propagated in all directions. This defines that the sending and receiving antennas do ... Read More

The electromagnetic waves having frequencies between 1 and 300 GHz are known as a microwave. Microwave systems use very high-frequency radio or television signals to transmit data through space. Therefore, the transmitter and receiver of a microwaves system, which is mounted on very high towers, should be invisible to each ... Read More

In this type of media, the signal propagates in the form of electromagnetic waves without the requirement of solid media, i.e., in the air. There are also called wireless media.The electromagnetic spectrum used for wireless communication is shown in the figure −Propagation MethodsThe unguided signals can travel from the transmitter ... Read More

A fibre optic cable is made of glass or plastic and transmits signals in the structure of light signals. The structure of an optical fibre cable is displayed in the figure. It involves an inner glass core surrounded by a glass cladding that reflects the light into the core. Each ... Read More