Shared memory systems can be designed using bus-based or switch-based interconnection networks. The simplest network for shared memory systems is the bus. The bus/cache architecture alleviates the requirement for expensive multiport memories and interface circuitry and the need to adopt a message-passing paradigm when developing application software.The bus may get ... Read More

Benchmark performance refers to the use of a set of integer and floating-point programs (known collectively as a benchmark) that are designed to test different performance aspects of the computing system(s) under test. Benchmark programs should be designed to provide fair and effective comparisons among high-performance computing systems. For a ... Read More

It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices. All the network nodes are connected. Mesh has n (n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices. Mesh architecture with wrap-around connections forms a torus. Several routing mechanisms have been used to route messages around meshes. One such routing mechanism is known as dimension-ordering routing. ... Read More

Cube-connected networks are patterned after the n-cube structure. An n-cube (hypercube of order n) is defined as an undirected graph having 2n vertices labeled 0 to 2n - 1 such that there is an edge between a given pair of vertices if and only if the binary representation of their ... Read More

Static (fixed) interconnection networks are characterized by having fixed paths, unidirectional or bidirectional, between processors. Two types of static networks can be identified. These are completely connected networks (CCNs) and limited connection networks (LCNs).Completely Connected NetworksIn a completely connected network (CCN) each node is connected to all other nodes in ... Read More

Blocking NetworksBlocking networks possess the property that in the presence of a currently established interconnection between a pair of input/output, the arrival of a request for a new interconnection between two arbitrary unused input and output may or may not be possible. Examples of blocking networks include Omega, Banyan, Shuffle–Exchange, ... Read More

In this type of network, connections among processors and memory modules are made using simple switches. There are three basic interconnection topologies such as crossbar, single-stage, and multistage.Crossbar NetworksA crossbar network defines the other extreme to the limited single bus network. While the single bus can provide only a single ... Read More

MIMD stands for Multiple-instruction multiple-data streams. It includes parallel architectures are made of multiple processors and multiple memory modules linked via some interconnection network. They fall into two broad types including shared memory or message passing.A shared memory system generally accomplishes interprocessor coordination through a global memory shared by all ... Read More

SIMD represents single-instruction multiple-data streams. The SIMD model of parallel computing includes two parts such as a front-end computer of the usual von Neumann style, and a processor array as displayed in the figure.The processor array is a collection of identical synchronized processing elements adequate for simultaneously implementing the same ... Read More

The flow of vector operands between the main memory and vector registers is generally pipelined with various access paths. In this section, we specify vector operands and describe three vector-access schemes from interleaved memory modules allowing overlapped memory accesses.Vector Operand Specifications − Vector operands can have arbitrary lengths. Vector elements ... Read More