A device that can bridge several network structure is called a gateway. Thus gateways can link two dissimilar LANs. The major difference between gateways and routers is that routers operate at the OSI model’s network layer. In contrast, gateways operate from the lowest to the topmost layer, i.e., the application layer to the OSI model’s network layer.Gateways and routers are used correspondently. It can change data packets from one protocol structure to another before forwarding them to connect two different networks. Hence it incorporates a protocol conversion function at the application layer.A gateway is a connecting device that can relate ... Read More

Router is a particular type of device used to connect two or more subnets that cannot be similar. These devices support connectedness between two LANs or two WANs over the large geographical range. The routers evaluate the best route from a sender to a receiver. For this, they perform in a routing protocol to create the network topology, and the data thus gathered is used to evaluate routes. They operate at the OSI model’s network layer and accommodate all the subnetworks differences up to this layer to provide a uniform network service to the nodes transport layer entities.Routers are generally ... Read More

A repeater is a dynamic network device used to reproduce the signals when they transmit over a greater distance so that the signal’s strength remains equal. It can be used to create an Ethernet network. A repeater that occurs as the first layer of the OSI layer is the physical layer.Features of RepeatersThese repeaters are linked to each other at the physical layer.It sends the signals for the unsteady areas to enlarge the system signals.These receptors linked the various network signals to convert the data between the two devices.These repeaters can eliminate the distance between the two devices.The repeaters can ... Read More

HubsHub is a network connectivity device that enables relation nodes to interact with each other. It provides a frequent connection point for a tool in a network. So, Hub is a central concentrating point for a computer network. It supports a key data point for network cabling. Only coaxial cable Ethernet does not use hubs at all. Most of the local area networks use the hub to interconnect computers and other devices.A hub organizes the cables and broadcast signals to the different media segments as displayed in the figure −SwitchesA switch is a hardware tool that filters and promote folder ... Read More

A hub is a standard network point, also referred to as a network hub, to connect devices in a network. The hub has numerous ports. If a packet makes one port, it can be viewed by all the network segments because a packet is duplicated to another port. Hub is a unique device used to enhance a network by enabling increased workstations in the network.Types of HubsThere are three types of hubs which are as follows −Passive HubsPassive hubs do not include any computerized elements, and they do not procedure the data signal at all. The main goal of a ... Read More

Transmission Mode represents the direction of the movement of data from one connection devices to other devices. It communicates the order of signal movement between the two devices.Following are the types of transmission modes in a computer network −Simplex Transmission ModeIn a computing network, when there is a single movement of data or one control movement of data from the sender to the receiver, it is called the Simplex mode of transmission.For example, A connection between a machine and a keyboard contains a simplex duplex transmission. A television advertisement is an example of simplex duplex transmission.A loudspeaker system is also a simplex transmission. A broadcaster communicates ... Read More

The physical layer meets all these requirements out. The set of rules and procedures for interaction between physical layers are called Physical layer protocols. The layer provides a physical connection different from the physical transmission path because it is at the bit level while the transmission path is at the electrical signal level. This physical connection can be a point to point physical connection or point to the multi-point physical connection, as shown in the figure − The physical layer provides its services to the data link layer, the next higher layer of the OSI model. The ... Read More

Following are the differences between OSI and TCP/IP Reference Model −OSITCP/IPOSI represents Open System Interconnection.TCP/IP model represents the Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol.OSI is a generic, protocol independent standard. It is acting as an interaction gateway between the network and the final-user.TCP/IP model depends on standard protocols about which the computer network has created. It is a connection protocol that assigns the network of hosts over the internet.The OSI model was developed first, and then protocols were created to fit the network architecture’s needs.The protocols were created first and then built the TCP/IP model.It provides quality services.It does not ... Read More

TCP/IP signifies transmission control protocol/Internet Protocol. It was created by Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, later DARPA) in the late 1970s. It is a collection of communication protocol. It involves collection and methods for managing with packet transport, media access, session interaction, data transfer, email and terminal emulation.The TCP/IP reference model has four layers, as display in the figure −Host to Network LayerThis is the lowest layer in the TCP/IP reference model. The layer functioning is usually different in various relations. The main function of this layer is to instruct the upper layer when the host is linked to ... Read More

In data exchange between devices, communication procedures require to have the following to manage these factors of the exchange procedures −Physical Data EncodingThe data exchanged between two devices are physically transported using electrical signals considering particular coding methods. For two systems to accurately exchange data, they should consistently execute and translate data-carrying electrical signals.MultiplexingThis facilitates a parallel connection for various unconnected conversations.Transmission MediaThese concerns deal with the type of media used (fiber, copper, wireless, etc.), prescribed by the desirable bandwidth, protection to noise, and attenuation properties.Flow ControlThe data Communication procedure assigns memory resources, generally referred to as interaction buffers, to ... Read More