Found 993 Articles for Electronics & Electrical

After machine level language, the next level of development in the evolution of computer languages was the Assembly Language. Machine level language uses only the binary language. But on the other hand, assembly language uses mnemonics or symbolic instructions in place of a sequence of 0s and 1s. As example, we can consider that, to add register A and B in a particular computer, assembly language uses the mnemonic ‘ADD B’ in place of 10001111. In assembly language, we use symbolic names to denote addresses and data. A number of such examples are dealt with in the successive chapters. Thus ... Read More

A Microcontroller is a small and low-cost microcomputer, which is designed to perform the specific tasks of embedded systems like displaying microwave’s information, receiving remote signals etc.The general microcontroller consists of the processor, the memory (RAM, ROM, EPROM), Serial ports, peripherals (timers, counters) etc.Types of MicrocontrollersMicrocontrollers are divided into various categories based on memory, architecture, bits and instruction sets. Following is the list of their typesBit − Based on bit configuration, the microcontroller is further divided into three categories.8-bit microcontroller  − This type of microcontroller is used to execute arithmetic and logical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication division, etc. For ... Read More

The processor on a single chip is called a Microprocessor which can process micro-instructions. Instructions in the form of 0s and 1s are called micro-instructions. The microprocessor is the CPU part of a microcomputer, and it is also available as a single integrated circuit. Thus as main components, the microprocessor will have the Control Unit (CU) and the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of a microcomputer. An example is Intel 8085 microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor features, a microcomputer will have the following additional features −ROM / PROM / EPROM / EEPROM for storing programRAM for storing data, intermediate results, ... Read More

A microcomputer can be defined as a small sized, inexpensive, and limited capability computer. It has the same architectural block structure that is present in a computer. Present-day microcomputers are having smaller sizes. Nowadays, they are of the size of a notebook. But in coming days also their sizes will get more reduced as well. Due to their lower costs, individuals can possess them as their personal computers. Because of mass production they are becoming still cheaper. Initially in the earlier days they were not very much powerful. Their internal operations and instructions were very much limited and restricted. But ... Read More

CPU and the main memory are having speed faster compared to the electromechanical input or output devices like printers, mouse etc. In such a case it is essential that the data lines of the computer should not kept engaged for a long time during communication with input/output (I/O) devices. Otherwise as an effect, the overall speed of the computer system comes down drastically. So I/O devices are connected to a computer through I/O ports.For example, to get a document printed by the printer, phase wise printer will get required information from the CPU to carry out the printing process. After ... Read More

Whenever a program executes inside a computer then at first the program has to be loaded on to the computer’s primary memory. And also when a does not execute then also the program must remain loaded in computers secondary memory. This memory unit works as an extra block. In a program in memory, the entire set of performed operations is written using the keyboard as a sequence of instructions. This collection of instruction is called a program. Also, the data on which the program is to operate is entered with the help of the keyboard and can be stored in memory. ... Read More

Output devices are used for displaying or recording the results computed by the computer. Most common output devices are the CRT display,  printer, and plotter.Following are some of the important output devices used in a computer.MonitorsGraphics PlotterPrinterMonitorsMonitors, commonly called a Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels.There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)Flat-Panel DisplayCathode-Ray Tube (CRT) MonitorThe CRT display is made up of small picture elements ... Read More

The input devices are used for supplying program and data to the memory. In other words, the computer system reads the program and the data from the input devices. Most common input devices are the keyboard and mouse.Following are some of the important input devices which are used in a computer −KeyboardMouseJoy StickLight penTrack BallScannerGraphic TabletMicrophoneMagnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)Optical Character Reader(OCR)Bar Code ReaderOptical Mark Reader(OMR)KeyboardThe keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of the traditional typewriter, although there are some additional ... Read More

There are different points of view offered by different folks about the origin of the idea of having mirrors inside elevators but on one thing they all have the same view - psychological and ergonomic factors rather than technological factors brought mirrors into elevators. One line of opinion says this business of mirrors in elevators first began in Japan where it helped to resolve an ergonomic problem for people in wheelchairs. As the elevators in those pre-World War II days were really small, it was pointed out that mirrors in these elevators helped the folks in wheelchairs to clearly see ... Read More

Mobiles have become a prerequisite in our day-to-day lives. They have helped in creating a global village in a true spirit. Technology has truly enhanced our standard of living. Living without our mobiles is not possible in any ways today considering their contribution to our lives. This can be understood in the following points -Staying Connected with the PeopleOne of the biggest support that is provided by mobiles is betterment and advancement in communication and networking with the people. It has helped reduce physical distance with the video calling facility. People today can get in touch with people within seconds ... Read More