Networking and microcontrollers have become ubiquitous in modern world, with demand for connected devices and smart homes on rise. If you’re looking to expand your knowledge on these topics, there are a plethora of books that can help you gain a better understanding of networking and microcontrollers. In this article, we’ll explore some of best books to read on networking and microcontrollers, along with their examples and sub-headings. "TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: Protocols" by W. Richard Stevens TCP/IP Illustrated is a comprehensive guide to TCP/IP protocol suite, which is foundation of internet. This book covers all aspects of TCP/IP protocol, ... Read More

You may have heard of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and Remote Terminal Units (RTUs), but what do these devices actually do? And more importantly, which one do you need for your business? PLCs are used to control machines by reading input signals and executing pre-determined programs in order to achieve a specific output. RTUs, on the other hand, are used to collect data from machines and send it back to a central location for analysis. Depending on your needs and level of complexity, there is an automation device that can provide you with complete control over your operations while keeping ... Read More

A microprocessor can be defined as an electronic component of a computer system that executes the instructions to perform tasks involved in computer processing. It is the most fundamental unit of computer that executes all the functions of a CPU. Till date, several types of microprocessors have been developed. But in this article, we will learn about the two earliest microprocessors, namely, 8086 and 8088 microprocessors. Both 8086 and 8088 microprocessors are widely used in embedded systems due to their various important and unique features. This articles is primarily meant for explaining the major differences between 8086 and 8088 microprocessors. ... Read More

Here we will see the data memory structures of 8051 microcontroller. The internal data memory of 8051 is divided into two groups. These are a set of eight registers, and a scratch pad memory. These eight registers are R0 to R7. The address range 00H to 07H is used to access the registers, and the rest are scratch pad memory.8051 Provides four register bank, but only one register bank can be used at any point of time. To select the register bank, two bits of PSW (Program Status Word) are used.So the following addressing can be used to select register ... Read More

Here we will see the address registers of 8257 chip.Every DMA channel consists an address register and a count register. These registers are 16-bits wide in length. In each 16 bits there are four ARs marked as AR3-0. Apart from four CRs there are control and status registers also. They are separate 8-bit registers, but have the same address. Here the processor can only write in the control register but we can read in the status register.We can select any one of the above registers by the address of the four pins marked as A3-0 of 8257. The processor used here ... Read More

In this section we will see how external RAM memories can be addressed by the Intel 8051 microcontroller. There are different methods for addressing the RAMs. Now at first we will discuss about some different types of RAM memories in short.The RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile memory. So when the power is cutting off to the RAM chip, it losses the data. RAMs are also known as RAWM (Read and Write Memory). There are basically three kinds of RAMs. These are SRAM (Static RAM), NV-RAM (Non-Volatile RAM) and DRAM (Dynamic RAM).Static RAMThe storage cell in Static RAM are made ... Read More

Here we will see the division operation. This operation will be used to divide two 8-bit numbers using this 8051 microcontroller. The register A and B will be used in this operation. No other registers can be used for division. The result of the division has two parts. The quotient part and the remainder part. Register A will hold Quotient, and register B will hold Remainder.We are taking two number 0EH and 03H at location 20H and 21H, After dividing the result will be stored at location 30H and 31H.AddressValue …20H0EH21H03H …30H00H31H00H …Program      MOV R0, #20H ; set source address 20H ... Read More

Here we will see how to multiply two 8-bit numbers using this 8051 microcontroller. The register A and B will be used for multiplication. No other registers can be used for multiplication. The result of the multiplication may exceed the 8-bit size. So the higher order byte is stored at register B, and lower order byte will be in the Accumulator A after multiplication.We are taking two number FFH and FFH at location 20H and 21H, After multiplying the result will be stored at location 30H and 31H.AddressValue …20HFFH21HFFH …30H00H31H00H …Program      MOV R0, #20H ; set source address 20H to R0 ... Read More

Now, in this section we will see how to subtract two 8-bit numbers using 8051 microcontroller. The register A (Accumulator) is used as one operand in the operations. There are seven registers R0 – R7 in different register banks. We can use any of them as second operand.We are taking two number 73H and BDH at location 20H and 21H, After subtracting the result will be stored at location 30H and 31H.AddressValue …20H73H21HBDH …30H00H31H00H …Program      MOV R0, #20H ; set source address 20H to R0       MOV R1, #30H ; set destination address 30H to R1       ... Read More

Here we will see 8085 program. This program will divide two 8-bit numbers using 8085 microprocessor.Problem Statement −Write an 8085 Assembly language program to divide two 8-bit numbers and store the result at locations 8020H and 8021H.Discussion −The 8085 has no division operation. To get the result of division, we should use the repetitive subtraction method.By using this program, we will get the quotient and the remainder. 8020H will hold the quotient, and 8021H will hold remainder.We are saving the data at location 8000H and 8001H. The result is storing at location 8050H and 8051H.InputThe Dividend: 0EHThe Divisor 04HThe Quotient will be ... Read More