Found 993 Articles for Electronics & Electrical

A Directional coupler is a device that samples a small amount of Microwave power for measurement purposes. The power measurements include incident power, reflected power, VSWR values etc. Directional coupler is used to couple the Microwave power which may be Uni-directional or bi-directional. It is a 4 port waveguide junction consisting of a Primary main waveguide and a Secondary auxiliary waveguide. The below figure shows the image of a directional coupler.PropertiesThe properties of an Ideal directional coupler are as follows.All the terminations are matched to the ports.When the power travels from port 1 to port 2, some portion of it ... Read More

A helical antenna is another type of wire antenna, which is widely used for a higher range of broadband VHF and UHF applications. The frequency range of operation of the helical antenna is around 30MHz to 3GHz.Helical antenna or helix antenna is the antenna in which the conducting wire is wound in a helical shape and connected to the ground plate with a feeder line. It is the simplest antenna which provides circularly polarized waves and used in extra-terrestrial communications in which satellite relays etc., are involved.It consists of a helix of thick copper wire or tubing wound in the ... Read More

To improve the radiation efficiency and directivity of the beam, the waveguide should be provided with an extended aperture so as to make the abrupt discontinuity of the wave into a gradual transformation, so that all the energy in the forward direction gets radiated. This can be termed as Flaring. Flaring is done to provide greater directivity and narrower beam width. The types of horn antennas depend on how they are flared.Sectoral HornThis type of horn antenna, flares out in only in one direction. Flaring in the direction of Electric vector produces the sectorial E-plane horn. As well, flaring in ... Read More

In Radio communication systems, we use wireless electromagnetic waves as the channel. The antennas of different specifications can be used for these purposes. The mode of propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere and in free space may be divided into the following three categories:The line of sight (LOS) propagationGround wave propagationSkywave propagationIn ELF (Extremely low frequency) and VLF (Very low frequency) frequency bands, the Earth, and the ionosphere act as a wave-guide for electromagnetic wave propagation. In these frequency ranges, communication signals practically propagate around the world. The channel bandwidths are small. Therefore, the information is transmitted through these ... Read More

Microstrip antennas are the low-profile antennas. A metal patch mounted on a ground level with a dielectric material in-between constitutes a Microstrip or Patch Antenna. These are very low size antennas having low radiation. The patch antennas are popular for low profile applications at frequencies above 100MHz.Construction and workingThe microstrip consists of a very thin metallic strip placed on a ground plane with a dielectric material in-between. The radiating element and feed lines are placed by the process of photo-etching on the dielectric material. Usually, the patch or microstrip is chosen to be square, circular or rectangular in shape for ... Read More

Babinet’s Principle is actually the principle used in optics. According to its definition, “When the field behind a screen with an opening is added to the field of a complementary structure, the sum is equal to the field when there is no screen”The images clearly explain the principle. In all the regions, which are non-collinear with the beam, the above two screens, in figure 1 & 2, produce the same diffraction pattern.Case1Consider a light source and a conducting plane (field) with an aperture before a screen. The light does not pass through the opaque area but passes through the aperture.Case2Consider ... Read More

The lens antenna uses a curved surface for the transmission or reception. Lens antennas are made up of glass, where the converging and diverging properties of the lens are followed. These are used for higher frequency applications greater at 3000 MHz and above.Working PrincipleIf a light source is assumed to be there at a focal point of a lens, which is at a focal distance from the lens, then the rays get through the lens as collimated or parallel rays on the plane wavefront.The rays that pass through the center of the lens are less refracted than the rays that ... Read More

Sony Corporation is one of Japan's biggest multinational corporations, headquartered in Minato, Tokyo of Japan. It was founded by Akio Morita and Masaru Ibuka on 7th May 1946. It was during the wake of the World War-II. Sony’s first branded product was TR-55 Transistor radio that was launched in 1955, whereas Sony was made to be its official name since January 1958.It was Not-So-EasyEarlier, vacuum tubes were used, whereas, after the invention of transistors, the circuits became shorter and eventually the size of the equipment used got reduced. When TR-55 Transistor radio was launched which was made using a transistor, ... Read More

As Summer is soon approaching and temperatures are soaring high, it is common to start looking for a better Air conditioner that is amicably priced and suit your needs. As you are asking for the best brands between Rs.30, 000 to Rs.50, 000 in India, I suggest that it is always better to go for 5-Star BEE rating. The 5-Star rated electrical products consume less electricity, which means it's good for your pocket and for the environment as well.Here are some prominent brands with their special features.ProductRatingCapacityPower ConsumptionAdditional featuresCostVoltas 185 Cya5 Star1.5 ton1438 WAnti-Dust filterAnti-bacterial filterAuto-restart feature32k – 35kVoltas 185 ... Read More

How irritating is the smell that comes from a fridge that has not been cleaned properly for a long time! In that case, one may wish to leave the door of the refrigerator open, but it might still not help.Easy hacks to get rid of the foul smell from the refrigeratorUse mint: Fresh mint leaves are not only good as a mouth fresher but also help in keeping the fridge smelling fresh all day long. Just keep 7-8 mint leaves in a bowl in the fridge and after few hours, replace with fresh mint again.Rose petals: rose is known for ... Read More