Let us understand the concept of barcode and Quick Response (QR) code.Bar CodeA bar code reader decodes the data contained in the barcode and sends it to the computer. It produces a beam of light or a laser beam to read barcodes which is reflected by the bar code image. A light sensitive detector which is present in the reader identifies the bar code by recognizing special bars on both ends of the image. With the help of these special bar’s reader is able to identify whether the bar code has been read right side up or upside down.Once a ... Read More

The full form of ARPANET is Advanced Research Projects Agency NET was developed under the direction of the US Advanced Research Projects Agency and was based on a concept first published in 1967. With the interconnection of four university computers in 1969, the concept became a modest reality.It was the first network to implement the TCP/IP protocol. It was a very early packet switch network. This network became the foundation for the modern day internet.The protocols used in Arpanet were later developed for joining multiple networks, which gave rise to the modern day internet. It helps in grouping the data ... Read More

Let us understand the concepts of Wuala and ShareFile before learning the differences between them.ShareFileShareFile was launched by Jesse Lipson in the year 2005 and was later owned by Citrix system in the year 2011. It can be integrated with any third party applications and current file storage systems to ensure flexible and synchronous file storage, modification, saving, sending and retrieval of files. It accommodates the secure sending of large files, with the ability to send and receive files of up to 100 GB in size.It helps us to access the files from any device, mobile or desktop, allowing you ... Read More

Let us understand the concept of Barcode and Near Field Communication (NFC).Bar CodeA bar code reader decodes the data contained in the barcode and sends it to the computer. It produces a beam of light or a laser beam to read barcodes which is reflected by the bar code image. A light sensitive detector which is present in the reader identifies bar code by recognizing special bars on both ends of image. With the help of these special bar’s reader is able to identify whether the bar code has been read right side up or upside down.Once a barcode is ... Read More

Let us learn the concepts of Fastag and Near Field Communication (NFC).Fast TagFASTag is an electronic scanner system used for toll collection in India, which is operated by the National Highway Authority of India.It incorporates the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology for doing toll payments either prepaid or from savings accounts which are linked to it or directly toll owner.The RFID enabled sticker which is fixed to a vehicle’s windshield, and a reader at the toll booth are used to scan this card and wirelessly and automatically processes the payment.When we pass a FASTag-enabled toll plaza, we don’t need to ... Read More

Let us understand the concepts of QR Code and Fastag.QR CodesQR code is called as "Quick Response" and it allows us to encode or store over 4500 characters in a two-dimensional bar code. These codes are the "square barcodes" that are initially developed and used in Japan.The main aim of the QR code is to store the information in such a way that the machine (scanner) can be able to read the data present in the code.Given below is the Sample QR code image −As we can see above all QR codes are made of black dots and white spaces ... Read More

Let us understand the concepts of Bar code and Fastag.Bar CodeA bar code reader decodes the data contained in the barcode and sends it to the computer. It produces a beam of light or a laser beam to read barcodes which is reflected by the bar code image.A light sensitive detector which is present in the reader identifies the bar code by recognizing special bars on both ends of image. With the help of these special bar's reader is able to identify whether the bar code has been read right side up or upside down.Once a barcode is identified by ... Read More

To send the data from one device to another device there should be a connection. The connection can be established to transfer data between the devices can be done in two ways and they are as follows −Connection-Oriented ServiceConnectionless ServicesNow let us discuss the Connection less services.Connection less ServicesIn connectionless the data is transferred in one direction from source to destination without checking that destination is still there or not or if it is prepared to accept the message. Authentication is not needed in this. Example of Connectionless service is UDP (User Datagram Protocol) protocol.Connectionless service is a service that ... Read More

We can define an address mode as the way in which the memory address of an operand is specified in a computer instruction. Address modes specify how the location of an operand in memory is represented in an instruction. Operations are performed with the help of some data and the data is stored in a computer memory or registers. On the basis of that, there are two types of addressing modes namely, memory address mode and register address mode. The most basic difference between the two is that in the memory address mode, the address of the operand is present ... Read More

Linear Bounded Automaton (LBA) is a restricted form of Turing Machine in which input tape is finite.ExampleProve that LBA ⊂ PSPACEPSPACE is a superset of the set of context-sensitive languages.Now to prove LBA=PSPACE, We use theorem of Space compression with tape reduction which states that, For every k-tape S(n) space-bounded off-line Turing Machine M and constant c>0, there exists a one-tape cS(n) space-bounded off-line turing machine N such that L(M)=L(N).Following identity holds for −DSPACE(S(n))=DSPACE(O(S(n)))and NSPACE(S(n))=NSPACE(O(S(n)))Since LBA is one-tape n space-bounded Turing Machine it follows −LBA=NSPACE(n)---------------------(1)Now by Savitch theorem, if S is fully space constructible and S(n)>log(n) thenNSPACE(S(n)) ⊆DSPACE(S^{2}(n)) -------------(2)Final proofLBA=NSPACE(n)............by(1)⊆DSPACE(n^{2})............by(2)⊂DSPACE(n^{3})............by ... Read More