The both types of audio signals can be used for various purposes. Wet signals or sounds are much richer and have more depth to them. Dry signals or sounds are more shallow and lack the richness of wet signals or sounds. This is because wet signals or sounds have been soaked in reverb, which gives them a lusher sound. Dry signals or sounds have not been soaked in reverb, so they sound more like they are coming from a dry place. In general, effects can categorize into three groups, they are: frequency based, time based, and dynamics based. Reverb time ... Read More

An electrical or electromagnetic quantity (current, voltage, radio wave, micro wave, etc.) that carries data or information from one system (or network) to another is called a signal. Two basic types of signals are used for carrying data, viz. analog signal and digital signal.Analog and digital signals are different from each other in many aspects. One major difference between the two signals is that an analog signal is a continuous function of time, whereas a digital signal is a discrete function of time.This article explains all the significant differences between analog and digital signals along with a brief description of ... Read More

The full form of RFID is Radio-frequency identification. It is the wireless non-contact use of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data, for the purposes of automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects.RFID transmits information from RFID tags to RFID readers. As in, the data is communicated with a system that contains RFID tags, an antenna, an RFID reader, and a transceiver.RFID is one method of automatic identification and data capture (AIDC). This tag can read from up to several feet away and doesn’t require to be within direct line-of-sight of the reader to be tracked.Below is an example diagram ... Read More

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is the packet and data transfer service on the 2G and 3G wireless networks used for the global communications in the mobile systems. GPS allows the continuous connections of the Internet to mobile phones and handheld devices. It is based on the GSM services which used existing services such as the SMS and circuit-switched phone networks and connections.FeaturesThe features of GPRS are as follows −Data rates of 56 kbps to a maximum of 114 kbpsSMS message servicesInternet access with always-on featuresMMS messagingUse of instant messaging on handheld devicesPoint to point / multipoint servicesThe architecture of ... Read More

The full form of VANET is Vehicular Adhoc Network. It is the subclass of network of MANET type whereas the full form of MANET is Mobile Adhoc Network. In this, all nodes can be interfaced dynamically in arbitrary fashion.MANET featuresThe features are as follows −It supports Dynamic topologiesIt supports Energy constraint operationIt has Variable capacity links.Here is an example picture of MANET −VANET featuresThe features are as follows −Cellular and WLAN networkHybridPure Ad hocHere is the example picture of VANET −DifferencesThe differences between the MANETs with VANETs are as follows −ParametersMANETSVANETSDynamic TopologiesThe topologies change is slow.The topology change is very ... Read More

Let us learn the concepts of Fastag and Near Field Communication (NFC).Fast TagFASTag is an electronic scanner system used for toll collection in India, which is operated by the National Highway Authority of India.It incorporates the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology for doing toll payments either prepaid or from savings accounts which are linked to it or directly toll owner.The RFID enabled sticker which is fixed to a vehicle’s windshield, and a reader at the toll booth are used to scan this card and wirelessly and automatically processes the payment.When we pass a FASTag-enabled toll plaza, we don’t need to ... Read More

Z-TransformThe Z-transform is a mathematical tool which is used to convert the difference equations in discrete time domain into the algebraic equations in z-domain. Mathematically, if $\mathrm{\mathit{x\left ( n \right )}}$ is a discrete time function, then its Z-transform is defined as, $$\mathrm{\mathit{Z\left [ x\left ( n \right ) \right ]\mathrm{\, =\, }X\left ( z \right )\mathrm{\, =\, }\sum_{n\mathrm{\, =\, }-\infty }^{\infty }x\left ( n \right )z^{-n}}}$$Solving Difference Equations by Z-TransformIn order to solve the difference equation, first it is converted into the algebraic equation by taking its Z-transform. Then, the solution of the equation is calculated in z-domain and ... Read More

Z-TransformThe Z-transform is a mathematical tool which is used to convert the difference equations in discrete time domain into the algebraic equations in z-domain. Mathematically, if $\mathrm{\mathit{x\left ( n \right )}}$ is a discrete time function, then its Z-transform is defined as, $$\mathrm{\mathit{Z\left [ x\left ( n \right ) \right ]\mathrm{\, =\, }X\left ( z \right )\mathrm{\, =\, }\sum_{n\mathrm{\, =\, }-\infty }^{\infty }x\left ( n \right )z^{-n}}}$$Inverse Z-Transform using Residue MethodThe residue method is also known as complex inversion integral method. As the Z-transform of a discrete-time signal $\mathrm{\mathit{x\left ( n \right )}}$ is defined as$$\mathrm{\mathit{Z\left [ x\left ( n ... Read More

Z-TransformThe Z-transform is a mathematical tool which is used to convert the difference equations in discrete time domain into the algebraic equations in z-domain. Mathematically, if $\mathrm{\mathit{x\left ( n \right )}}$ is a discrete time function, then its Z-transform is defined as, $$\mathrm{\mathit{Z\left [ x\left ( n \right ) \right ]\mathrm{\, =\, }X\left ( z \right )\mathrm{\, =\, }\sum_{n\mathrm{\, =\, }-\infty }^{\infty }x\left ( n \right )z^{-n}}}$$Time Expansion Property of Z-TransformStatement – The time expansion property of Z-transform states that if$$\mathrm{\mathit{x\left ( n \right )\overset{ZT}{\leftrightarrow}X\left ( z \right );\; \; \; \mathrm{ROC}\to \mathit{R}}} $$Then$$\mathrm{\mathit{x_{m}\left ( n \right )\overset{ZT}{\leftrightarrow}X\left ( z^{m} ... Read More

Z-TransformThe Z-transform is a mathematical tool which is used to convert the difference equations in discrete time domain into the algebraic equations in z-domain. Mathematically, if $\mathrm{\mathit{x\left ( n \right )}}$ is a discrete time function, then its Z-transform is defined as, $$\mathrm{\mathit{Z\left [ x\left ( n \right ) \right ]\mathrm{\, =\, }X\left ( z \right )\mathrm{\, =\, }\sum_{n\mathrm{\, =\, }-\infty }^{\infty }x\left ( n \right )z^{-n}}}$$Multiplication Property of Z-TransformStatement – The multiplication property of Z-transform states that the multiplication of two signals in time domain corresponds to the complex convolution in z-domain. For this reason, the multiplication property is ... Read More