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Computer Network Articles
Page 32 of 122
CSMA/CD with the Binary Exponential Backoff
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) is a network protocol for carrier transmission that operates in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. It senses or listens whether the shared channel for transmission is busy or not, and defers transmissions until the channel is free. When more than one station sends their frames simultaneously, collision occurs. Binary Exponential Backoff is a collision resolution mechanism which is commonly used to schedule retransmissions after collisions in Ethernet. The waiting time that a station waits before attempting retransmission of the frame is called backoff time. How CSMA/CD Works ...
Read MoreEthernet Throughput
Throughput of a system refers to the rate of processing of a task thereby generating results. Ethernet is a set of technologies primarily used in LANs, whose primary data units are frames. The throughput of Ethernet is measured by the rate of successful delivery of frames over a communication channel. There are several methods for representing Ethernet throughput. The least ambiguous among them is calculation of channel efficiency. Channel efficiency is the percentage of the net bit rate (in bits per second) of a channel that is actually communicated. Suppose that an Ethernet connection has a speed of 100 ...
Read MoreGigabit Ethernet
In computer networks, Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) is the family of Ethernet technologies that achieve theoretical data rates of 1 gigabit per second (1 Gbps). It was introduced in 1999 and represents a significant upgrade from Fast Ethernet's 100 Mbps, providing 10 times faster data transmission speeds. Gigabit Ethernet maintains backward compatibility with existing Ethernet standards while delivering the high-speed connectivity required for modern networks, data centers, and bandwidth-intensive applications. Varieties of Gigabit Ethernet The popular varieties of Gigabit Ethernet are 1000Base-SX, 1000Base-LX, 1000BASE-T, and 1000Base-CX. Each variant uses different physical media and is optimized for specific distance ...
Read MoreGigabit Ethernet Cabling
Gigabit Ethernet can be deployed using both copper wires and fiber optic cables. Since they target data rates of 1 gigabit per second (1 Gbps), they require encoding and decoding a bit within a nanosecond. This was first achieved in the 1000BASE-CX version. Gigabit Ethernet Cabling Types 1000BASE-T UTP Copper 100m max 1000BASE-CX STP Copper 25m max 1000BASE-SX Multimode Fiber 550m max 1000BASE-LX ...
Read MoreThe original fast Ethernet cabling
Fast Ethernet cabling refers to the physical transmission media used to carry data traffic at 100 Mbps (Megabits per second) in local area networks. Fast Ethernet utilizes both copper wires and fiber optic cables, depending on the specific implementation and distance requirements. The cabling infrastructure must be capable of handling 100 Mbps data transmission rates. Earlier copper wire standards were inadequate due to their inability to reliably transmit 100 Mbps data over the standard 100-meter segment length required for Ethernet networks. Fast Ethernet Cabling Types 100BASE-T4 ...
Read MoreJumbo Frames in Computer Network
In computer networks, jumbo frames are Ethernet frames with a payload size greater than the standard 1500 bytes Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) defined by the IEEE 802.3 standard. These larger frames can carry up to 9000 bytes of data, significantly increasing the amount of information transmitted in a single frame. Jumbo frames are primarily used in high-performance network environments where maximizing data throughput and reducing processing overhead are critical requirements. Standard Frame vs Jumbo Frame Comparison Standard Ethernet Frame MTU: 1500 bytes ...
Read More10-Gigabit Ethernet
In computer networks, 10-Gigabit Ethernet is the family of Ethernet technologies that achieve maximum rates up to 10 gigabits per second (10 Gbps). It is also known as 10GE, 10GbE, or 10 GigE. It is defined by the IEEE 802.3ae-2002 standard. 10GE is ten times faster than Gigabit Ethernet and supports only full-duplex communication. Multimode fiber having 850 nm wavelength is used for medium distances, while single-mode fiber having 1310 nm or 1550 nm wavelengths is used for long distances. 10-Gigabit Ethernet Physical Media Types Copper ...
Read MoreWhat is Carrier Ethernet?
Carrier Ethernet is an application of Ethernet technology that allows network service providers to offer Ethernet-based services to enterprise customers over wide area networks. It extends the familiar Ethernet technology beyond traditional LANs to enable Internet access and communication among business, academic, private, and government organizations across metropolitan and wide area networks. The services and standards of Carrier Ethernet have been defined by the Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF). MEF has developed certification programs and promotes the global adoption of Carrier Ethernet technology through standardization and interoperability testing. Carrier Ethernet versus Traditional Ethernet The primary attributes that differentiate ...
Read MoreThe 802.11 Physical Layer
IEEE 802.11 standard, popularly known as WiFi, lays down the architecture and specifications of wireless LANs (WLANs). WiFi or WLAN uses high frequency radio waves instead of cables for connecting the devices in LAN. Users connected by WLANs can move around within the area of network coverage. IEEE 802.11 Architecture The physical layer architecture of IEEE 802.11 has the following components − Stations (STA) − Stations comprise all devices and equipment that are connected to the wireless LAN. A station can be of two types − Wireless Access Point (WAP) − WAPs or ...
Read MoreWhat is Rate Adaptation?
Rate adaptation is a technique used in IEEE 802.11 wireless networks (WiFi) that dynamically adjusts the data transmission rate based on current network conditions. This mechanism enables optimal performance by selecting the most appropriate data rate for the prevailing signal quality. In wireless networks, signal strength varies due to factors like distance, interference, and obstacles. Rate adaptation responds to these changes by increasing data rates when signal conditions are favorable and reducing them when conditions deteriorate, ensuring reliable communication while maximizing throughput. Rate Adaptation Process Strong ...
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