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Computer Network Articles
Page 27 of 122
What are the headers used in a Data Link Layer?
The Data Link Layer uses headers to control frame transmission and ensure reliable communication between directly connected nodes. These headers contain essential control information that enables proper frame delivery, sequencing, and error handling. Data Link Layer Frame Structure A frame is the unit of communication in the data link layer. The data link layer encapsulates packets from the Network Layer into frames, adding necessary control information through headers. If frames become too large, packets may be divided into smaller frames for efficient transmission. Data Link Layer Frame Structure ...
Read MoreThe Data Link Layer Frame and Frame Fields
A frame is a unit of communication in the data link layer. The data link layer takes packets from the network layer and encapsulates them into frames. If the frame size becomes too large, then the packet may be divided into smaller sized frames. At the receiver's end, the data link layer picks up signals from hardware and assembles them into frames. Fields of a Data Link Layer Frame A data link layer frame has the following parts: Frame Header − Contains the source and destination addresses of the frame and control bytes. ...
Read MoreA Utopian Simplex Protocol
The Simplex Protocol is a theoretical data link layer protocol designed for unidirectional data transmission over an ideal, error-free channel. It represents the most basic form of communication protocol where transmission can never go wrong. This protocol assumes both sender and receiver are always ready for data processing with infinite buffer capacity. The sender transmits all available data immediately, while the receiver processes incoming frames instantly. Since it handles neither flow control nor error control, it is often called the Utopian Simplex Protocol. The significance of this protocol lies in demonstrating the fundamental structure upon which more practical ...
Read MoreA Simplex Stop-and-Wait Protocol for an Error-Free Channel
Stop-and-Wait protocol is a data link layer protocol for transmission of frames over noiseless channels. It provides unidirectional data transmission with flow control facilities but without error control facilities. This protocol takes into account the fact that the receiver has a finite processing speed. If data frames arrive at the receiver's end at a rate greater than its processing rate, frames will be dropped. To avoid this, the receiver sends an acknowledgement for each frame upon arrival. The sender transmits the next frame only after receiving a positive acknowledgement confirming the receiver is ready for further data processing. ...
Read MorePositive Acknowledgement with Retransmission (PAR)
Positive Acknowledgement with Retransmission (PAR) is a group of error-control protocols for transmission of data over noisy or unreliable communication networks. These protocols reside in the Data Link Layer and Transport Layer of the OSI model. They provide automatic retransmission of frames that are corrupted or lost during transit. PAR is also called Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ). PAR protocols are used to provide reliable transmissions over unreliable network services. They are commonly implemented in wireless communication systems like GSM networks, where signal interference and packet loss are frequent challenges. Working Principle In PAR protocols, the receiver sends ...
Read MoreWho is known as the Father of Internet?
Vinton G. Cerf is widely known as the "Father of the Internet". He is the co-designer of the TCP/IP protocols and the fundamental architecture of the Internet that we use today. Vinton G. Cerf - Father of the Internet 1973 TCP/IP Design with Bob Kahn 1983 ARPANET to TCP/IP Switch ...
Read MoreWhat is Piggybacking in Networking?
In reliable full-duplex data transmission, the technique of hooking up acknowledgments onto outgoing data frames is called piggybacking. Why Piggybacking? Communications are mostly full-duplex in nature, i.e. data transmission occurs in both directions. A method to achieve full-duplex communication is to consider both the communication as a pair of simplex communication. Each link comprises a forward channel for sending data and a reverse channel for sending acknowledgments. However, in the above arrangement, traffic load doubles for each data unit that is transmitted. Half of all data transmission comprise of transmission of acknowledgments. So, a solution that ...
Read MoreBandwidth Delay Product
Bandwidth Delay Product (BDP) is a measurement of how many bits can fill up a network link. It gives the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted by the sender at a given time before waiting for acknowledgment. Thus it represents the maximum amount of unacknowledged data that can be "in flight" on the network. Bandwidth Delay Product Visualization Sender Receiver Data Transmission Acknowledgment BDP = Bandwidth × Round Trip Time ...
Read MoreWhat is pipelining?
In computer networking, pipelining is the method of sending multiple data units without waiting for an acknowledgment for the first frame sent. Pipelining ensures better utilization of network resources and also increases the speed of delivery, particularly in situations where a large number of data units make up a message to be sent. How Pipelining Works In traditional stop-and-wait protocols, the sender transmits one frame and waits for its acknowledgment before sending the next frame. This approach leads to inefficient use of available bandwidth, especially in high-latency networks. Pipelining allows multiple frames to be transmitted continuously without waiting ...
Read MoreGo-Back-N ARQ
Go-Back-N Automatic Repeat reQuest (Go-Back-N ARQ) is a data link layer protocol that uses a sliding window method for reliable and sequential delivery of data frames. It is a case of sliding window protocol having a send window size of N and receiving window size of 1. This protocol allows multiple frames to be transmitted before receiving acknowledgments, but requires retransmission of all frames starting from the first unacknowledged frame if any frame is lost or corrupted. Working Principle Go-Back-N ARQ uses the concept of protocol pipelining, sending multiple frames before receiving acknowledgment for the first frame. ...
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