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Computer Network Articles
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What is machine learning? How it is helpful for decision making?
Technology has served as a catalyst in the development of our civilization, with humans and machines coexisting to create seamless connectivity and ease of access. In this technological landscape, Artificial Intelligence (AI) deserves special mention, and Machine Learning stands as its integral component. Machine Learning is a concept where computers learn autonomously without explicit programming to perform specific tasks. It empowers computers to identify patterns, make predictions, and improve performance through experience. Machine Learning can be broadly categorized into supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and semi-supervised learning. Machine Learning in Decision Making ...
Read MoreWhat is bus arbitration in computer organization?
Bus arbitration is a critical mechanism in computer organization that determines which device gets control of the system bus when multiple devices need to access it simultaneously. A bus master is any device that initiates data transfers on the bus. In modern computer systems, multiple bus masters exist, including the CPU, DMA controllers, graphics cards, and network adapters. Since only one device can control the bus at any given time, a systematic approach is needed to manage access. How Bus Arbitration Works When multiple devices request bus access, the arbitration mechanism decides which device gets priority based ...
Read MoreWhich is the best Search Engine?
A search engine is a web-based tool that allows users to search for information on the World Wide Web by entering keywords or phrases. Among the numerous search engines available today, Google has established itself as the dominant leader in the search engine market. Google's superiority stems from its sophisticated algorithms, extensive web crawling capabilities, and user-focused features that consistently deliver relevant and accurate search results. Search Engine Market Share Google - 92% Bing - 3% ...
Read MoreWhat is bit stuffing in computer networks?
Bit stuffing is a mechanism used in data communication where one or more non-information bits are inserted into a message to prevent the data from being mistaken for control sequences, particularly frame delimiters. Purpose of Bit Stuffing In the Data Link layer, the stream of bits from the physical layer is divided into data frames. Variable-length frames require a specific bit pattern as a delimiter to mark frame boundaries. However, if this same pattern appears within the actual data, the receiver might incorrectly interpret it as a frame boundary. The two common approaches to solve this problem ...
Read MoreDifference between Byte stuffing and Bit stuffing
The differences between byte stuffing and bit stuffing are fundamental techniques used in data link layer framing to handle delimiter conflicts when transmitting data frames. What are Byte Stuffing and Bit Stuffing? Byte stuffing is a mechanism to convert a message formed of a sequence of bytes that may contain reserved values such as frame delimiters, into another byte sequence that does not contain the reserved values. This technique is also called character-oriented framing. Bit stuffing is the mechanism of inserting one or more non-information bits into a message to be transmitted, to break up the message ...
Read MoreForward Error Correction (FEC)
Forward Error Correction (FEC) is an error correction technique that detects and corrects a limited number of errors in transmitted data without requiring retransmission from the sender. In FEC, the sender adds redundant error-correcting bits to the original data frame before transmission. At the receiver end, these additional bits are used to perform error detection and correction. If errors are found within the correctable range, the receiver reconstructs the original data and removes the redundant bits before passing the message to upper layers. Forward Error Correction Process ...
Read MoreError Correcting Codes - Binary Convolutional Code
Errors occur when bits get corrupted during transmission over computer networks due to interference and network problems. Error-correcting codes (ECC) are sequences of numbers generated by specific algorithms for detecting and correcting errors in data transmitted over noisy channels. Error correcting codes determine the exact number of corrupted bits and their locations within the algorithm's limitations. ECCs are broadly categorized into two types: block codes and convolutional codes. Binary Convolutional Codes In convolutional codes, the message comprises data streams of arbitrary length, and output bits are generated by sliding application of Boolean functions to the data stream. ...
Read MoreError Correcting Codes - Reed-Solomon codes
Error-correcting codes (ECC) are mathematical algorithms used to detect and correct errors that occur when digital data is transmitted over noisy communication channels or stored in unreliable media. When bits are transmitted over computer networks, they are subject to corruption due to interference, noise, and various network problems. ECCs can detect the exact number and location of corrupted bits within the algorithm's limitations. They are broadly categorized into two types: block codes and convolutional codes. Reed-Solomon codes belong to the block code category. Reed-Solomon Codes Reed-Solomon (RS) codes are powerful error-correcting codes introduced in 1960 by Irving ...
Read MoreLow-Density Parity Check (LDPC)
Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes are linear error-correcting block codes designed for correcting errors in large block sizes transmitted through very noisy channels. These codes provide excellent error correction performance while maintaining relatively low computational complexity. LDPC codes were developed by Robert G. Gallager in his doctoral dissertation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1960. Due to their inventor, these codes are also known as Gallager codes. Structure of LDPC Codes An LDPC code is specified by a parity-check matrix that contains mostly 0s and a low density of 1s. The rows of this matrix represent ...
Read MoreHow to choose a programming language to build a website?
Choosing the right programming language for your website depends primarily on your project's specific requirements, budget, and technical goals. Understanding the strengths and use cases of different languages will help you make an informed decision that aligns with your website's purpose and functionality. Website Programming Language Selection Project Size Small/Large Budget Open/Proprietary Use Case Web/Mobile/API ...
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