The presentation layer changes the data from an application layer into the device native internal mathematical structure and encodes communicated information into a displayable output format.It executes the code changes, document compressions, security encryption, etc. It also defines the data as per the software/hardware environment of the hub. For instance, demonstrating UNIX structured data in windows.The link between the presentation layer and the application and session layer has been shown in the diagram below −It is concerned with the syntax of data.TranslationThe procedure in two frameworks are generally to exchange the data in the form of character strings, numbers etc. ... Read More

The session layer supports establishing, controlling, and eliminating a session or dialogue between the two end frameworks. It generates the session, handles the packets sent back and forth during the session and removes the session. The dialogue type/session type is also defined through half-duplex or full-duplex.The session layer also supports data synchronization and check pointing so that only the information transmitted after the point of failure should be retransmitted in the event of network failure.This layer also governs the dialogue between the two processes by deciding who can send and who can get at what point during the transmission.The session ... Read More

Physical layer is the shortest layer in the model. This layer is feasible for initiating, preserving, and deactivating a physical circuit between two end frameworks.The Physical Layer is vital for transmitting bits from one device to another device. It can change the series of bits into electric signals, light signals, or electromagnetic signals, relying on either the two hubs on a link circuit, fiber-optic circuit, or microwave/radio circuit.Passive hubs, simple active hubs, terminators, couplers, cables, connectors, repeaters, multiplexers, transmitters and receivers are the devices associated with the physical layer.The physical layer situation for the transmission channel and the data link ... Read More

OSI represents Open System Interconnection. The OSI reference model is a seven-layered architecture and is created in a hugely structured method. Each layer in the model has specific sets of procedures, functions, and protocols. One layer can communicate with an adjacent layer by using its interface.OSI model was advanced by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Geneva, Switzerland, and by the Consultative Committee for International Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT).The figure given below displays the seven-layered Architecture of OSI Models, along with the protocols and interfaces.Functions of the OSI LayersThere are various functions of OSI Layers which are as follows:Physical LayerThis ... Read More

Both multiprocessors and multicomputers are the types of parallel computing systems. The basic difference between a multiprocessor and a multicomputer is that a multiprocessor is a single computer system containing multiple processors interconnected with the common I/O and memory devices, whereas a multicomputer is a system consists of several autonomous computers connected in a network and each computer has its own I/O and memory devices, and other computing resources. Read through this article to find out more about multiprocessors and multicomputers and how they are different from each other. What is Multiprocessor? A multiprocessor is a data processing system that ... Read More

Both MD5 and SHA1 are hashing algorithms. MD5 is simple and fast, but it does not provide good security. SHA1 is complex as compared to MD5 and it provides greater level of security.Read through this article to find out more about these two hashing algorithms and how they are different from each other.What is MD5?MD stands for Message Digest. MD5 is a hashing algorithm that produces a 128-bit hash value.Although MD5 was created with the intention of using it as a cryptographic hash function, it has been discovered to have several flaws. Yet, it is extensively used.MD5 can be used ... Read More

Streaming refers to the act of viewing the content held on a remote server, whereas Downloading is the process in which all of the data is transferred completely, and then viewed.Read through this article to find out more about Streaming and Downloading and how they are different from each other.What is Streaming?Streaming is the process of viewing the content that is stored on a remote system (server) rather than on a client workstation.In media and application streaming, the media bitstream is broken into discrete chunks (i.e., packets) and sent individually.In media and application streaming, the media bitstream is broken into ... Read More

In this post, we will understand the difference between PGH and S/MIME −PGPIt has been designed to process plain text.It is not expensive in comparison to S/MIME.It can be used personally as well as at offices.It is less efficient in comparison to S/MIME.It depends on the key exchange made by the user.It is less convenient in comparison to S/MIME.It contains 4096 public keys.It is considered as the standard for strong encryption.It can be used in VPNs.It uses Diffie-Hellman digital signature.S/MIMEIt has been designed to process email and multimedia files.It is relatively expensive.It is used in industrial purposes.It is more efficient ... Read More

An operating system acts as a bridge between the hardware and applications. The CPU is that part of the system which handles all the tasks of the system. Sometime such situations arise, when it is required to interrupt the currently running task and take a rapid action. Therefore, in operating system, there are two methods namely interrupt and polling for dealing with such events. In both interrupt and polling, the CPU is paused what it is doing and made to execute an essential task. Both interrupt and polling are quite different from each other in several ways. In this article, ... Read More

In this post, we will understand the difference between Time Sharing and Real-Time Operating System −Time Sharing Operating SystemIn this type of operating system, a quick response is required to be given when a request comes in.It has a switching method.Any kind of modifications can be done to the program.The resources of the computer are shared externally.It deals with multiple processes and applications simultaneously.The response to a user request is given within seconds of time.Real-Time Operating SystemIn this operating system, the computation tasks are required to be given more importance before its nominative point.It doesn’t have a switching method.No modification ... Read More