Found 450 Articles for Chemistry

Introduction Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers are two categories constituted of large molecules. These polymeric substances are those macromolecules formed by the linkage of smaller repeating units called monomers. Polymers like cellulose, proteins, nucleic acids, paper, glass, plastic, and rubber are some of its examples. These large molecules and polymers are broken down into simpler molecules under two conditions - naturally or synthetically. Natural change is the biological activity of enzymes, and synthetically undergoing changes are due to adding chemicals to these polymers. The process of degradation or breaking down of large molecules into simpler ones under such conditions is called ... Read More

Introduction The compounds such as salt that we see in our everyday life are none other than binary compounds. The lattice structure of salt is called rock salt structure. By this structure, we can see the arrangement of different ions of sodium and chlorine in a lattice. These ions of sodium and chlorine make a binary system of sodium chloride lattice. The study of such structures of binary compounds is key to understanding the properties of different materials. The branch of chemistry involves the synthesis and construction of potential materials to improve their physical properties such as elasticity, strength, conductivity ... Read More

Introduction During the process of deprotonation of carbonic acid, an intermediate polyatomic anion is formed. This anion is called bicarbonate anion. It is represented by the chemical formula $\mathrm{HCO_{3}^{-}}$. The terminology of bicarbonate was given by an English chemist named William Hyde Wollaston in 1814. Bicarbonate ions are also referred to as hydrogencarbonate in IUPAC nomenclature. Being anion bicarbonate carries a negative charge. It is an amphiprotic molecule. Amphiprotic species are species which can react with both acids and bases and possess acidic and basic properties. The structure of bicarbonate is similar to that of nitric acid. This explains the ... Read More

Introduction During the synthesis of Americium 243, Seaborg's group synthesized a few milligrams of the element Berkelium. It is a synthetic element found in the periodic table. In 1967 about one gram of Berkelium has been synthesized by the united states. In 2009 about 22 milligrams has been synthesized at Oak Ridge after 250 days of irradiation. It is the fifth synthesized trans uranium element is Berkelium. And it is the eighth member of the actinides. Berkelium metal is not yet obtained in the elemental form. It is synthesized in its compound form such as $\mathrm{BkO_{2}}$, etc. The symbol used ... Read More

Introduction Benzyl Alcohol is a naturally occurring organic element in the Balsam of Peru. It is a common element in fruits and teas. It is also an important component of essential oils such as ylang-ylang oils, Jasmine, and Hyacinth. So this aromatic compound has a pleasant aroma and has some medicinal properties too. Even though it is naturally found it can be synthesized too. There are many preparative methods for its synthesis. One such preparation is from toluene. The molecular formula of this organic compound is $\mathrm{C_{6}H_{5}CH_{2}OH}$. Or it is further represented as BnOH. Since the benzyl group is present ... Read More

Introduction The formation of carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds is a key process in benzoin condensation. It is accomplished by producing an acyl anion equivalent from 1 aldehyde molecule and then adding it to another. Usually, a cyanide ion catalyses the process. The 1$\mathrm{^{st}}$ intermediate is cyanohydrin anion, which is the precursor to the acyl anion equivalent. Plants contain cyanohydrins as glycosides. In our bodies, a process very similar to benzoin condensation occurs, although it does not include cyanohydrin intermediates and is not catalysed by cyanide ions. The thiazolium moiety of the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate catalyses it (TPP). Definition and Meaning of ... Read More

Introduction Ever since the sixteenth century, benzoic acid $\mathrm{(C_{6}H_{5}COOH)}$, the most basic benzenebased carboxylic acid ($\mathrm{RCOOH}$), has been recognized. The famed clairvoyant Nostradamus was one of its discoverers. The most frequent natural resource is gum benzoin, a substance present in the bark of Styrax plants. The majority of benzoic acid made nowadays is artificial. The hydrolysis of benzotrichloride to calcium benzoate, followed by acidification, was its 1$\mathrm{^{st}}$ commercial production. This procedure has been completely replaced by toluene air oxidation, which eliminates the issue of product contamination with chlorinated byproducts. As a preservative, numerous manufactured goods include benzoic acid $\mathrm{(C_{6}H_{5}COOH)}$ or ... Read More

Introduction In the past, gum benzene, also known as "Benjamin, " was the source of the word benzene. An aromatic resin was thought to be gum benzoin. English scientist Michael Faraday made the initial discovery of benzene in lighting gas. German chemist Mitscherich gave benzene its name in 1833. German professor August Kekule solved the puzzle of the cyclic structure of benzene in 1865. Professor Linus Pauling from the United States claims that benzene has a hybrid structure made up of delocalized electrons. Kekule's findings were enhanced in this way. What is Benzene? Benzene, a colourless compound with the molecular ... Read More

Introduction Benzene is a colourless organic compound, although it resembles a pale-yellow liquid at room temp. It has the chemical formula $\mathrm{C_{6}H_{6}}$. Especially in comparison to addition reactions, it is very cooperative in electrophilic substitution reactions. This could be because benzene starts to lose its aromaticity throughout most of the addition reactions. Because it has a pair of delocalized electrons which spans all of the C atoms within the ring, it has a high binding affinity for electrophiles while also being extremely stable to electrophilic substitutions. Whenever benzene has been involved, the electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction includes 3 important stages. ... Read More

Introduction Benzene is a kind of aromatic compound with the molecular formula $\mathrm{C_{6}H_{6}}$. Michael Faraday, an English chemist, invented benzene, the basic organic chemical. This is a natural but also necessary element of crude oil. Visually, it seems to be a white liquid with a gasoline-like odour. Chemists have discovered that benzene is indeed a very poisonous as well as cancerous chemical. It is found abundantly in several animals as well as plants, but it has also been formed as a consequence of volcanoes as well as forest fires. This is often used in the manufacture of insecticides, detergents, plastics, ... Read More