Found 9 Articles for Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Introduction Chemical species known as free radicals have a singly occupied orbital. They are very reactive while being neutral. With a few notable exceptions, these "dangling" connections render free radicals very chemically reactive toward other substances or even against themselves; their molecules spontaneously dimerize/polymerize if they make contact. Only at trace amounts in an inert medium or a vacuum are most of radicals relatively stable. There are several techniques to produce free radicals, including synthesis using incredibly dilute or rarefied reagents, reactions at extremely low temperatures, or dissociation of bigger molecules. What are Free Radicals? An atom/ ion/molecule with unpaired ... Read More

Introduction Calcination and Roasting are two processes that convert ores into their oxide form. Ores are a natural substance in the earth's crust. These ores concentrate on various minerals and valuable metals. Metals extracted from ore are required by applying lots of heat either in the presence or absence of oxygen. The conversion of ores to oxides comes under processes like calcination and roasting. Here is the step-by-step diagram for converting ores into oxide and obtaining pure metals. Raw ore is needed to convert into oxide. During this process of conversion, it expels volatile substances and gas. This ... Read More

Introduction Laws of chemistry have been determined by several scientists with their respective experimentations. Over the years, many laws are introduced, revised, and amended in order to understand, the natural laws occurring around us, and that are associated with the field of chemistry. However, certain laws determined and considered to be the most fundamental in chemistry such as, Law of Conservation of Mass. The other laws, namely, the law of conservation of energy, Charle’s law, and many more, follow this law. What are ideal and real gasses? Ideal gasses are defined as the perfect glasses, that support establishing the relationship ... Read More

Introduction Gas needs a sealed container to hold its molecules. Especially in comparison to molecules in liquids & solids, their molecular attraction is extremely weak. These molecules move continuously, randomly, and cellularly in all directions. The 4 states of matter are liquid, solid, gas, & plasma. Although liquids don't have a particular shape, they have an exact volume. Without a container, they cannot be stored. Its core cellular attraction mimics the movement of Brownian cells. Between levels, the liquid is always flowing. Gas molecules cannot be in a specific place. What are Gases? In gases, the matter is free ... Read More

Introduction Usually, we are confused in differentiating between mass and matter. We consider mass and matter as the same unit. In this tutorial, we will learn about the difference between mass and matter. The mass is something that has a weight, and that can be measured. The matter is everything that surrounds us in the form of solid, liquid, and gas. It can be seen, touched or felt but mass can not be seen. Let’s understand it more deeply. What is Mass? Mass is a measurable quantity. It is considered a fundamental property of all matters. the mass of ... Read More

Introduction Intensive and extensive properties are the basis for the categorization of the physical type properties of the substances and the systems. And, this could be done, based on the property forms or changes whenever the size or shape of the very system changes. We can say that intensive property is that which does not depends on the size or shape of the system taken or the quantity or amount of material present in the system. While the extensive property is the property that depends on the shape or size of the system or the quantity or amount of substances ... Read More

Introduction Before the 18th century, soaps were not developed. Around 1790 the soaps are manufactured from sodium chloride i.e. common salt in the form of caustic soda (Sodium Hydroxide). Then around 1823 to 1889 chemist Michel Eugene discovered the manufacturing of soap from natural oils and fats. Detergents were manufactured in around 19’s as synthetic cleaners. Detergents are manufactured in America for cleaning and dishwashing purposes. People get confused about soap and detergents but they are two separate reagents. Soaps are manufactured from natural ingredients whereas detergents are synthetic material sulfonates of alkyl benzene ($\mathrm{RSO_{4}}$). What are Soaps? Soaps are ... Read More

Introduction Uncertainty in measurement may often occur in different experimental and theoretical calculations. Numbers are used conveniently to focus on the possible results in experiments with some amount of uncertainty. The impact of uncertainty in different types of measurements has been defined as a parameter that is associated with the outcomes of the specific measurement in chemistry that traits the distribution of values. Scientific Notation Chemist has observed that at different times systematic errors can be related to the effects of scientific factors. Additionally, it has been observed that there are two different kinds of uncertainties in measurement regarding engineering ... Read More

Introduction The compounds such as salt that we see in our everyday life are none other than binary compounds. The lattice structure of salt is called rock salt structure. By this structure, we can see the arrangement of different ions of sodium and chlorine in a lattice. These ions of sodium and chlorine make a binary system of sodium chloride lattice. The study of such structures of binary compounds is key to understanding the properties of different materials. The branch of chemistry involves the synthesis and construction of potential materials to improve their physical properties such as elasticity, strength, conductivity ... Read More