Data Structure
Networking
RDBMS
Operating System
Java
MS Excel
iOS
HTML
CSS
Android
Python
C Programming
C++
C#
MongoDB
MySQL
Javascript
PHP
When we are dealing with large directories, managing files and folders is often required in listing them in a specific order. One common approach to list out the files/folders is sorting items by their names, which makes navigation and processing much easier. Python simplifies this task with built-in modules such as os and pathlib, which allow developers to fetch and organize directory contents with just a few lines of code. In this article, we will go through the different methods to retrieve and sort directory listings alphabetically with clean and flexible solutions for our file-handling needs. Using os.listdir() with sorted() ... Read More
In few scenarios, we need to change the extension of a file programmatically such as renaming a .txt file to .md or converting .csv to .json. Python provides different ways to do this using the os and pathlib modules. In this article, we’ll explore how to change a file’s extension using both approaches. Using os.path.splitext() The os.path.splitext() method of the os module in Python is used to split the file name into the name and extension. We can use this method to strip off the old extension and add the new extension. Example In this example, we are using the os.path.splitext() ... Read More
Here, we are going to learn how we can calculate the range of the different C++ data types such as signed data types (int, char, float, etc.) and unsigned data types (unsigned char, unsigned int, unsigned float, etc.). Calculating Range of Signed Data Types In C++, signed data types are used to represent both positive and negative integer values. So, to display their range, we use the following method − Calculate the total number of bits, multiply the sizeof bytes by 8. Calculate -2^(n-1) for minimum range ... Read More
In Python, when we are working with directory structures, it is necessary to check whether a given directory contains any other directories within it or not. This process of checking is useful when performing batch operations, cleaning up folders, or traversing file systems. Python provides several built-in ways to perform this check effectively. In this article, we will go through different methods using both os and pathlib modules to determine if a directory contains any subdirectories. Using os.listdir() and os.path.isdir() The os.listdir() method is the straightforward method to detect subdirectories to list directory contents, and when it is combined with ... Read More
Both vectors and arrays are used to store collections of elements, but they differ significantly in how they manage their memory and flexibility. C++ std::vector A vector is a dynamic array that can be resized automatically when elements are added or removed. It is a part of the C++ STL and provides more flexibility than a static array. Example In the following example, we will demonstrate the usage of the vector in C++ − #include #include using namespace std; int main() { vector > v { { 4, 5, 3}, {2, 7, 6}, {3, 2, 1, 10} }; cout
In this article, we will see why we should avoid the std::endl while printing lines into the console or a file. We use std::endl to create a new line after the current line. For a few lines of I/O operations, it is not causing any problems. However, a large number of I/O tasks decreases performance. Why We Avoid Using std::endl There are the following reasons to avoid endl: The endl is used to create new lines, but it does not send to the new line only; after sending the cursor to the next line, it ... Read More
In some scenarios, it is important to determine the MIME type of a file to verify its content type, especially when working with file uploads or handling media files. Python provides modules such as mimetypes and magic to determine the MIME type of a file. In this article, we’ll explore different methods to find a file's MIME type using Python. Using mimetypes.guess_type() The mimetypes module in Python provides the guess_type() function, which is used to guess the MIME type and to encode of a file based on its filename or URL. Example In this example, we are using the mimetypes.guess_type() ... Read More
The fork() system call is used to create a process commonly known as a child process if the fork() returns 0. Otherwise, the created process is known as the parent process. All processes created with fork() execute in parallel. But what if we want the last process to be executed first? In this case, the parent process would execute last because of bottom-to-top execution. This can be done using the wait() system call. The wait system call is used to process handling. It pauses the execution of the calling process until the child process has finished its execution. It's commonly ... Read More
std::reference_wrapper is a class template in C++ that allows you to store references to objects or functions in a way that makes them copyable and assignable. Normally, C++ references can't be stored in standard containers like std::vector or std::list, because references are not copyable. std::reference_wrapper solves this problem by internally storing a pointer to the referenced object. It acts like a wrapper around a reference and behaves almost like the original object. It can be passed to functions that take T& (a reference to T), because std::reference_wrapper is implicitly convertible to T&. This is especially useful when you ... Read More
When we are building Python applications that store or retrieve user-specific files and settings, then we will often need to access the home directory. The home directory is the default location on a computer where user-related data is stored, such as documents, configuration files, and application data. Python provides simple and cross-platform ways of finding the home directory programmatically by making it easy to write code that works on Windows, macOS, and Linux without modifications. In this article, we'll explore the different methods to get the home directory in Python. Using os.path.expanduser("~") The os.path.expanduser() is a function in Python's built-in ... Read More