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In some scenarios, it is important to determine the MIME type of a file to verify its content type, especially when working with file uploads or handling media files. Python provides modules such as mimetypes and magic to determine the MIME type of a file. In this article, we’ll explore different methods to find a file's MIME type using Python. Using mimetypes.guess_type() The mimetypes module in Python provides the guess_type() function, which is used to guess the MIME type and to encode of a file based on its filename or URL. Example In this example, we are using the mimetypes.guess_type() ... Read More
The fork() system call is used to create a process commonly known as a child process if the fork() returns 0. Otherwise, the created process is known as the parent process. All processes created with fork() execute in parallel. But what if we want the last process to be executed first? In this case, the parent process would execute last because of bottom-to-top execution. This can be done using the wait() system call. The wait system call is used to process handling. It pauses the execution of the calling process until the child process has finished its execution. It's commonly ... Read More
std::reference_wrapper is a class template in C++ that allows you to store references to objects or functions in a way that makes them copyable and assignable. Normally, C++ references can't be stored in standard containers like std::vector or std::list, because references are not copyable. std::reference_wrapper solves this problem by internally storing a pointer to the referenced object. It acts like a wrapper around a reference and behaves almost like the original object. It can be passed to functions that take T& (a reference to T), because std::reference_wrapper is implicitly convertible to T&. This is especially useful when you ... Read More
When we are building Python applications that store or retrieve user-specific files and settings, then we will often need to access the home directory. The home directory is the default location on a computer where user-related data is stored, such as documents, configuration files, and application data. Python provides simple and cross-platform ways of finding the home directory programmatically by making it easy to write code that works on Windows, macOS, and Linux without modifications. In this article, we'll explore the different methods to get the home directory in Python. Using os.path.expanduser("~") The os.path.expanduser() is a function in Python's built-in ... Read More
The fork() function creates a new process by duplicating the current one. It allows developers to perform parallel tasks and manage resources efficiently. When fork() is called, it returns a value. If the value is greater than 0, then it is in the parent process. Otherwise, it is in the child process. In this C++ article, we will learn how to use the fork() system call to perform calculations in parent and child processes.According to the problem statement, we will do calculations. So, in our parent process, we will find the sum of all even numbers in an array, and ... Read More
In this article, we implement a C++ program to print a hollow pyramid and diamond pattern. We can create solid Pyramid patterns easily using a loop. To make it hollow, we have to add a few logics. Hollow Pyramid A hollow pyramid is a pattern where a pyramid shape is formed, but only the outer edges (the borders) are filled with characters, while the interior is left empty. Let's explain how we can create hollow pyramid − The first line prints only one star (*). The last line (i.e., the ... Read More
In C++, RTTI (Run-time type information) is a process that disclose information about an object data types at runtime and available one for the classes that have at least one virtual function. It allow the type of an object to be determine during the program execution. Runtime Casts The runtime cast checks that the cast is valid. It is the simplest approach to confirm the runtime type of an object using a pointer or reference. It is especially beneficial when we cast a pointer from a base class to a derived type. There are two types of casting: ... Read More
; is a C++ header that is included in C++11 or later versions and states the collection of types and functions to work with time. It is a part of the C++ Standard Template Library (STL). Why We Need It provides a precision-neutral concept by separating the durations and points of time. So, if we want to improve time over precision, we can use this library. provides three primary types of clocks: system_clock, steady_clock, and high_resolution_clock. These clocks are used to measure time in various ways: system_clock: It represents the system-wide real-time wall ... Read More
The inverse count of an array indicates how far or how close the array is from being sorted. If the array is already sorted, then the inverse count is zero, but if the array is sorted in reverse order, then the inverse count is maximum. Here we have given an integer array of size n and need to find the inversions in the array. If two array elements arr[i] and arr[j] form an inversion if arr[i]>arr[j] and i
A linked list is a linear data structure in which we store a sequence of elements, where each element is called a node that contains data and a pointer (or link) to the next element in the sequence. In this C++ article, we will implement a Binary search tree using a linked list. Binary Search Tree A binary search tree is a hierarchical data structure that is constructed by nodes. Each node contains a value and its reference to the left and right child nodes. So the value in the left child node is less than the parent node, and ... Read More