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The fork() function creates a new process by duplicating the current one. It allows developers to perform parallel tasks and manage resources efficiently. When fork() is called, it returns a value. If the value is greater than 0, then it is in the parent process. Otherwise, it is in the child process. In this C++ article, we will learn how to use the fork() system call to perform calculations in parent and child processes.According to the problem statement, we will do calculations. So, in our parent process, we will find the sum of all even numbers in an array, and ... Read More
In this article, we implement a C++ program to print a hollow pyramid and diamond pattern. We can create solid Pyramid patterns easily using a loop. To make it hollow, we have to add a few logics. Hollow Pyramid A hollow pyramid is a pattern where a pyramid shape is formed, but only the outer edges (the borders) are filled with characters, while the interior is left empty. Let's explain how we can create hollow pyramid − The first line prints only one star (*). The last line (i.e., the ... Read More
In C++, RTTI (Run-time type information) is a process that disclose information about an object data types at runtime and available one for the classes that have at least one virtual function. It allow the type of an object to be determine during the program execution. Runtime Casts The runtime cast checks that the cast is valid. It is the simplest approach to confirm the runtime type of an object using a pointer or reference. It is especially beneficial when we cast a pointer from a base class to a derived type. There are two types of casting: ... Read More
; is a C++ header that is included in C++11 or later versions and states the collection of types and functions to work with time. It is a part of the C++ Standard Template Library (STL). Why We Need It provides a precision-neutral concept by separating the durations and points of time. So, if we want to improve time over precision, we can use this library. provides three primary types of clocks: system_clock, steady_clock, and high_resolution_clock. These clocks are used to measure time in various ways: system_clock: It represents the system-wide real-time wall ... Read More
The inverse count of an array indicates how far or how close the array is from being sorted. If the array is already sorted, then the inverse count is zero, but if the array is sorted in reverse order, then the inverse count is maximum. Here we have given an integer array of size n and need to find the inversions in the array. If two array elements arr[i] and arr[j] form an inversion if arr[i]>arr[j] and i
A linked list is a linear data structure in which we store a sequence of elements, where each element is called a node that contains data and a pointer (or link) to the next element in the sequence. In this C++ article, we will implement a Binary search tree using a linked list. Binary Search Tree A binary search tree is a hierarchical data structure that is constructed by nodes. Each node contains a value and its reference to the left and right child nodes. So the value in the left child node is less than the parent node, and ... Read More
Listing files and directories using Python is a common task in many applications, from file management tools to automated scripts. However, when we are working on the Windows Operating System, the hidden files and folders are marked using specific file attributes, which can clutter the output if not handled properly. Unlike Unix-based systems, where hidden files typically start with a dot such as .hidden) whereas Windows uses metadata to mark files as hidden. In this article, we'll explore several methods to list only non-hidden files and directories. Basic Filtering by Name Prefix This is the basic Filtering method, which checks ... Read More
Python dictionaries are very difficult to handle data. They use a special system called hashing, which allows quick access to information. This specifies the cost of different operations: Time Complexities of Dictionary Operations Python dictionaries are usually fast because they use hashing to find and store data. The time complexity of dictionary operations in Python depends on the size of the dictionary and the operations performed. Here are some of the common dictionary operations - ... Read More
In Python, function names follow specific rules. A valid function name can only contain certain characters, and it must follow the naming conventions defined in the Python language syntax. Using the correct characters ensures that your code runs without syntax errors and stays readable. Allowed Characters in Function Names Python function names can consist of the following characters - Letters (A–Z, a–z) Digits (0–9) — but not at the beginning Underscores (_) — often used to separate words Function names must follow these rules - Must start with a letter or underscore Cannot start with a digit ... Read More
You can handle errors in Python using the try and except blocks. Sometimes, we also want to store the actual exception in a variable to print it or inspect it. This is done using the as keyword in modern Python. But if you have seen older code, you might find except Exception e or even except Exception, e being used. In this article, we will explore the difference between these syntaxes, understand why older ones no longer work in Python 3, and learn the best practices for clean exception handling. Understanding Basic Exception Handling Python provides try-except blocks to catch ... Read More