File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is an application layer protocol that is used to transfer the files between the local devices (PC, smartphone, etc.) to a server. It transfers both text and binary files over the Internet.FTP opens two connections between the computers − one for the commands and replies (control ... Read More

User datagram protocol (UDP) is a transport layer protocol. It is a connectionless, unreliable protocol that has no flow-and-error control. UDP uses port numbers to multiply data from the application layer. UDP is a simple protocol, it has less overhead. Suppose a process wants to send a small message, then ... Read More

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) model is a concise version of the OSI Model. The TCP/IP protocol suite was developed before the OSI model. But the layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly match those in the OSI model.TCP/IP ProtocolThe original TCP/IP protocol uses four layers − host-to-network, ... Read More

In distance-vector routing (DVR), each router is required to inform the topology changes to its neighboring routers periodically. Historically it is known as the old ARPNET routing algorithm or Bellman-Ford algorithm.How the DVR Protocol WorksIn DVR, each router maintains a routing table. It contains only one entry for each router. ... Read More

Routing is the process of moving the data across a network from a source to a destination. Routing algorithms are used to decide the route or the output line a packet should be transmitted on. Routing algorithms determine the optimal path to reach a destination.A good routing algorithm should process ... Read More

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server protocol that automatically provides an Internet Protocol (IP) host with its IP address and other related configuration information such as the subnet mask and default gateway. In DHCP, port number 67 is used for the server and 68 is used for the ... Read More

MultiplexingMultiplexing is the process of collecting the data from multiple application processes of the sender, enveloping that data with headers and sending them as a whole to the intended receiver.In Multiplexing at the Transport Layer, the data is collected from various application processes. These segments contain the source port number, ... Read More

Address Resolution ProtocolAddress Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a communication protocol that works on the TCP/IP Layer 2.ARP helps to get the MAC address of the connected router or gateway from the IP address.ARP is a request-response protocol in which one device sends a request to another device asking for some ... Read More

Media Access Control (MAC) address is a physical address that works at the data link layer of the OSI model.A MAC address is a 48 or 64-bit address associated with a network adapter.MAC addresses are linked to the hardware of the network adapters, hence they are also known as the ... Read More

Casting in computer networks means transmitting data (stream of packets) over a network. Following are the different types of casting used in networking −Unicast transmissionBroadcast transmissionMulticast transmissionUnicast Transmission (One-to-One)In Unicast transmission, the data is transferred from a single sender (or a single source host) to a single receiver (or a ... Read More