Routing is the process of moving the data across a network from a source to a destination. Routing algorithms are used to decide the route or the output line a packet should be transmitted on. Routing algorithms determine the optimal path to reach a destination.A good routing algorithm should process ... Read More

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server protocol that automatically provides an Internet Protocol (IP) host with its IP address and other related configuration information such as the subnet mask and default gateway. In DHCP, port number 67 is used for the server and 68 is used for the ... Read More

MultiplexingMultiplexing is the process of collecting the data from multiple application processes of the sender, enveloping that data with headers and sending them as a whole to the intended receiver.In Multiplexing at the Transport Layer, the data is collected from various application processes. These segments contain the source port number, ... Read More

Address Resolution ProtocolAddress Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a communication protocol that works on the TCP/IP Layer 2.ARP helps to get the MAC address of the connected router or gateway from the IP address.ARP is a request-response protocol in which one device sends a request to another device asking for some ... Read More

A grapheme is the smallest functional unit of a writing system. Graphemes can be interpreted as the smallest units of writing that correspond with sounds.The grapheme_strlen() function in PHP is used to get the string length in grapheme units. This function does not get the byte or character's length. The ... Read More

The idn_to_ascii() function in PHP is used to convert a Unicode domain name into IDNA ASCII form. IDNA stands for Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications. It is a mechanism for handling internationalized domain names containing nonASCII characters.Syntaxstring idn_to_ascii( str $domain, integer $flags=IDNA_DEFAULT, ... Read More

The EXIF (Exchangeable image file format) PHP extension enables to work with the metadata from the images taken by digital devices like digital cameras, cell phones, etc. It depends on the image file format. We can retrieve embedded thumbnails of images.The exif_imagetype() function in PHP is used to determine the ... Read More

The exif_read_data() function in PHP reads the EXIF (Exchangeable image file format) headers from an image file. This function extracts all the EXIF headers from an image file.SyntaxArray exif_read_data( str $file, str $section=null, bool $arrays=false, bool $thumbnail=false )Parametersexif_read_data() ... Read More

The bindtextdomain() function in PHP is used to set or get the path of a domain.Syntaxstring bindtextdomain($str_domain, $str_directory)Parametersbindtextdomain() accepts two parameters −$str_domain − This is the domain.$str_directory − This is the directory path. If the directory path is NULL, then it will return the currently set directory.Return Valuesbindtextdomain() returns the ... Read More

The mb_ereg_search_init() function in PHP is used to setup string and regular expression pattern for a multibyte regular expression match. The values are used for mb_ereg_search_regs, mb_ereg_search_pos, and mb_ereg_search.Syntaxbool mb_ereg_search_init( $str_string, $str_pattern=null, $str_options=null )Parametersmb_ereg_search_init() accepts three parameters −string − This is ... Read More