Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides a secure and reliable connection between two devices using the 3-way handshake process. TCP uses the full-duplex connection to synchronize (SYN) and acknowledge (ACK) each other on both sides. There are three steps for both establishing and closing a connection. They are − SYN, SYN-ACK, ... Read More

Circuit SwitchingCircuit Switching is a connection-oriented service. It provides a dedicated path from the sender to the receiver. In-circuit switching, a connection setup is required to send and receive data. It has very little chance of data loss and error due to the dedicated circuit, but a lot of bandwidth ... Read More

Network devices or networking hardware are the physical devices that are used for establishing connections and facilating interaction between different devices in a computer network.HubHubs work in the physical layer of the OSI model. A hub is a device for connecting multiple Ethernet devices and making them act as a ... Read More

Routing is the process of moving the data across a network from a source to a destination. Routing algorithms are used to decide the route or the output line a packet should be transmitted on. Routing algorithms determine the optimal path to reach a destination.A good routing algorithm should process ... Read More

In Computer Networks, Hamming code is used for the set of error-correction codes which may occur when the data is moved from the sender to the receiver. The hamming method corrects the error by finding the state at which the error has occurred.Redundant BitsRedundant bits are extra binary bits that ... Read More

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server protocol that automatically provides an Internet Protocol (IP) host with its IP address and other related configuration information such as the subnet mask and default gateway. In DHCP, port number 67 is used for the server and 68 is used for the ... Read More

MultiplexingMultiplexing is the process of collecting the data from multiple application processes of the sender, enveloping that data with headers and sending them as a whole to the intended receiver.In Multiplexing at the Transport Layer, the data is collected from various application processes. These segments contain the source port number, ... Read More

Address Resolution ProtocolAddress Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a communication protocol that works on the TCP/IP Layer 2.ARP helps to get the MAC address of the connected router or gateway from the IP address.ARP is a request-response protocol in which one device sends a request to another device asking for some ... Read More

Media Access Control (MAC) address is a physical address that works at the data link layer of the OSI model.A MAC address is a 48 or 64-bit address associated with a network adapter.MAC addresses are linked to the hardware of the network adapters, hence they are also known as the ... Read More

Casting in computer networks means transmitting data (stream of packets) over a network. Following are the different types of casting used in networking −Unicast transmissionBroadcast transmissionMulticast transmissionUnicast Transmission (One-to-One)In Unicast transmission, the data is transferred from a single sender (or a single source host) to a single receiver (or a ... Read More