Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides a secure and reliable connection between two devices using the 3-way handshake process. TCP uses the full-duplex connection to synchronize (SYN) and acknowledge (ACK) each other on both sides. There are three steps for both establishing and closing a connection. They are − SYN, SYN-ACK, ... Read More

Circuit SwitchingCircuit Switching is a connection-oriented service. It provides a dedicated path from the sender to the receiver. In-circuit switching, a connection setup is required to send and receive data. It has very little chance of data loss and error due to the dedicated circuit, but a lot of bandwidth ... Read More

Network devices or networking hardware are the physical devices that are used for establishing connections and facilating interaction between different devices in a computer network. Hub Hubs work in the physical layer of the OSI model. A hub is a device for connecting multiple Ethernet devices and making them act ... Read More

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) works in the network layer of the OSI model and the internet layer of the TCP/IP model. It is used to send control messages to network devices and hosts. Routers and other network devices monitor the operation of the network. When an error occurs, these ... Read More

A firewall is a network security device; it is a protective layer for the server that monitors and filters all the incoming and outgoing network traffic. It uses a set of rules to determine whether to allow or block a specific network traffic. Firewalls can prevent unauthorized use before reaching ... Read More

Circuit Switching is a connection-oriented service that uses a dedicated path from the sender to the receiver. Before sending any data from the source to the destination, it needs to set up an end-to-end path.Circuit switching has the minimum chance of data loss due to the dedicated circuit path, but ... Read More

Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) headers is the next generation of the internet protocol designed to replace the current version, or Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4). IPv6 fixes many problems in IPv4, such as the limited number of available IPv4 addresses.IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses; an address space is large enough ... Read More

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is developed by the International Standard Organization. It is a layered framework for the design of network systems that allows communication between all types of computer systems. Its primary purpose is to provide a set of structural guidelines for exchanging information between computers, workstations, ... Read More

The sliding window protocol is a flow control protocol that allows both link nodes A and B to send and receive data and acknowledgments simultaneously.Here, the sender can send multiple frames without having to wait for acknowledgments.If no new data frames are ready for transmission in a specified time, a ... Read More

In distance-vector routing (DVR), each router is required to inform the topology changes to its neighboring routers periodically. Historically it is known as the old ARPNET routing algorithm or Bellman-Ford algorithm.How the DVR Protocol WorksIn DVR, each router maintains a routing table. It contains only one entry for each router. ... Read More