Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) works in the network layer of the OSI model and the internet layer of the TCP/IP model. It is used to send control messages to network devices and hosts. Routers and other network devices monitor the operation of the network. When an error occurs, these ... Read More

A firewall is a network security device; it is a protective layer for the server that monitors and filters all the incoming and outgoing network traffic. It uses a set of rules to determine whether to allow or block a specific network traffic. Firewalls can prevent unauthorized use before reaching ... Read More

Circuit Switching is a connection-oriented service that uses a dedicated path from the sender to the receiver. Before sending any data from the source to the destination, it needs to set up an end-to-end path.Circuit switching has the minimum chance of data loss due to the dedicated circuit path, but ... Read More

Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) headers is the next generation of the internet protocol designed to replace the current version, or Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4). IPv6 fixes many problems in IPv4, such as the limited number of available IPv4 addresses.IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses; an address space is large enough ... Read More

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is developed by the International Standard Organization. It is a layered framework for the design of network systems that allows communication between all types of computer systems. Its primary purpose is to provide a set of structural guidelines for exchanging information between computers, workstations, ... Read More

The sliding window protocol is a flow control protocol that allows both link nodes A and B to send and receive data and acknowledgments simultaneously.Here, the sender can send multiple frames without having to wait for acknowledgments.If no new data frames are ready for transmission in a specified time, a ... Read More

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is an application layer protocol that is used to transfer the files between the local devices (PC, smartphone, etc.) to a server. It transfers both text and binary files over the Internet.FTP opens two connections between the computers − one for the commands and replies (control ... Read More

User datagram protocol (UDP) is a transport layer protocol. It is a connectionless, unreliable protocol that has no flow-and-error control. UDP uses port numbers to multiply data from the application layer. UDP is a simple protocol, it has less overhead. Suppose a process wants to send a small message, then ... Read More

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) model is a concise version of the OSI Model. The TCP/IP protocol suite was developed before the OSI model. But the layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly match those in the OSI model.TCP/IP ProtocolThe original TCP/IP protocol uses four layers − host-to-network, ... Read More

In distance-vector routing (DVR), each router is required to inform the topology changes to its neighboring routers periodically. Historically it is known as the old ARPNET routing algorithm or Bellman-Ford algorithm.How the DVR Protocol WorksIn DVR, each router maintains a routing table. It contains only one entry for each router. ... Read More