Introduction The project began in 1990 and was completed in 2003, costing approximately $3.8 billion and involving hundreds of scientists worldwide. The HGP was a collaborative effort between the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, China, and Russia. Its goal was to develop tools that would allow ... Read More

Introduction Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are a type of genetically engineered DNA molecule that can be used to study and manipulate genes in various organisms. These artificial chromosomes are similar in structure and function to the natural chromosomes found in yeast and other eukaryotic organisms. YACs were first developed in ... Read More

Introduction DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is a long polymer composed of four types of nucleotides: Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T). These nucleotides form base pairs, with A pairing with T, and C pairing with G. DNA molecules are generally double stranded, with the two strands running ... Read More

Introduction White adipose tissue (WAT), also known as white fat, is a type of adipose tissue that plays a crucial role in energy storage and metabolism. It is the most abundant form of adipose tissue in the human body and is found primarily in the subcutaneous layer (under the skin) ... Read More

Introduction DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that carries genetic information in all living organisms. It is composed of four nucleotide bases, namely adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). These bases pair up in a specific manner, with A pairing with T and C pairing ... Read More

Introduction Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) is a technology used for combustion of solid fuels such as coal, biomass, and municipal waste. It is an efficient and environmentally friendly method for generating energy from solid fuels. FBC technology was developed in the 1960s and has since been widely used in power ... Read More

Introduction Transposable elements (TEs) are genetic sequences that can move from one location in the genome to another. They are found in almost all organisms and play a crucial role in shaping the genetic diversity of species. There are two main classes of TEs: retrotransposons and DNA transposons. Despite sharing ... Read More

Introduction Plant tissue culture is the in vitro cultivation of plant cells, tissues, or organs on artificial nutrient media under sterile conditions. It has become a significant tool in plant science and has played a vital role in the production of improved plant varieties. The ability to produce genetically identical ... Read More

Introduction The placenta is a unique organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and plays a crucial role in the health and development of the fetus. This complex organ forms from the same cells that make up the outer layer of the developing embryo, and it functions to provide ... Read More

Introduction Insertional mutagenesis is a technique used to identify and analyze genes by randomly disrupting their sequence in the genome of an organism. It is a powerful tool in molecular genetics research, as it allows researchers to identify genes responsible for various physiological processes and diseases. In this article, ... Read More