Introduction Open Reading Frames (ORFs) are a fundamental concept in molecular biology, and they play a crucial role in understanding the structure and function of genes. ORFs are sequences of DNA that are transcribed into RNA and translated into proteins. They are characterized by a start codon (usually AUG) and ... Read More

Introduction Myeloblasts are large, immature white blood cells that are derived from the myeloid lineage of hematopoietic stem cells. They are responsible for the production of granulocytes, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a critical role in the body's immune response. Myeloblasts are found in the ... Read More

Introduction Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by certain types of fungi that can grow on a variety of food and feed crops, as well as in the environment. These substances are a significant concern for human and animal health, as well as for food safety and security. In this ... Read More

Introduction With the world's population growing at an unprecedented rate, the amount of waste generated is also increasing exponentially. Improper waste management has severe environmental and health consequences, which include soil, water, and air pollution. To counter this problem, various waste management systems have been developed, one of which is ... Read More

Introduction Retrotransposons are genetic elements that are capable of replicating and inserting themselves into different parts of the genome. They are found in almost all organisms, including bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. Retrotransposons can be divided into two major classes: non-LTR retrotransposons and LTR retrotransposons. In this article, we will focus ... Read More

Introduction Human artificial chromosomes (HACs) are engineered chromosomes created in the laboratory by scientists. They have a wide range of potential applications in the fields of gene therapy, synthetic biology, and biotechnology. In this article, we will discuss the basics of HACs, their construction, and their potential applications. What ... Read More

Introduction Gene duplication is a process in which a gene is copied, creating a second copy of the original gene. This process is essential for evolution as it provides an opportunity for the duplicated gene to evolve new functions while the original gene remains intact. In this article, we ... Read More

What is Erythropoietin? Erythropoietin EPO is a glycoprotein hormone, naturally produced by the peritubular cells of the kidney to stimulate red blood cells. Erythropoietin that our kidneys primarily produce helps the body to maintain a healthy number of erythrocytes. Irregular levels of erythropoietin can cause health problems. The accurate level ... Read More

Introduction DNA supercoiling is the twisting or coiling of the double helix structure of DNA, resulting in a strain on the molecule. This strain is known as superhelical stress. Supercoiling is an essential process that occurs in all living organisms and is critical for a variety of cellular processes, ... Read More

Introduction DNA microarrays are powerful tools for analysing gene expression patterns, detecting DNA mutations, and identifying genetic variations. They are used extensively in research, clinical diagnosis, and drug discovery. The microarray technology is based on the hybridization of labelled DNA or RNA molecules to complementary sequences that are immobilized on ... Read More