Hormones and neurotransmitters are two types of chemical messengers that play critical roles in regulating various physiological processes in the human body. Although both hormones and neurotransmitters are involved in communication between cells, they differ in several key ways. In this essay, we will explore the differences between hormones and neurotransmitters, including their chemical structure, mode of action, target cells, and physiological effects. What are Hormones? Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced by endocrine glands and released into the bloodstream to travel to distant target organs or tissues. Hormones are typically large, complex molecules, such as peptides, steroids, or ... Read More

Stem cell transplant and bone marrow transplant are two forms of transplantation used to treat various blood and immune disorders. Although these two procedures have some similarities, there are also some significant differences. In this essay, we will discuss the difference between stem cell transplant and bone marrow transplant. What is Stem Cell Transplant? This is when stem cells that are obtained from the bloodstream or umbilical cord of a donor are used for transplant into a patient. Umbilical cord blood stem cells are only used for transplant into children since there are not enough cells present to be of ... Read More

Both "natural immune system" and "artificial immune system" sound like they should refer to different elements of the same system, if not exact opposites. While there is some connection between the two, this is not the case. The concepts and operations of natural immune systems, as well as hypotheses about how the immune system functions, have been used to create artificial immune systems, which are computer systems. Several AIs have been created to help immunologists in their study of natural immune systems, and these systems have a wide range of applications in computer engineering. Both concepts share some common ground, ... Read More

Introduction Macrophages and Kupffer cells are both resident macrophages found in the liver, but they have distinct functions and differ in their origins. Macrophages are found throughout the body and can be recruited to the liver during inflammation or infection. The immune system plays a critical role in defending the body against harmful pathogens and foreign substances. Kupffer cells, on the other hand, are specialized macrophages that originate from fetal liver progenitors and are responsible for filtering blood in the liver. Professional phagocytes are immune cells that specialize in recognizing and engulfing foreign particles, such as bacteria, viruses, and ... Read More

Introduction Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small, colourless, disc-shaped cells that play a crucial role in haemostasis, a process by which bleeding is stopped in injured blood vessels. Platelets are produced in the bone marrow and circulate in the blood until they are needed to form a blood clot. The clotting process involves a complex interplay between platelets, coagulation factors, and blood vessel walls. Platelet Structure and Function Platelets are the smallest of the three types of blood cells, with an average size of 2-3 µm in diameter. They are produced by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, which ... Read More

Introduction Megakaryocytes are large cells found in the bone marrow that are responsible for producing platelets, which are essential for blood clotting. They are named for their large size, with a diameter ranging from 30 to 100 micrometers, and are classified as a type of hematopoietic cell, meaning they originate from stem cells in the bone marrow. Megakaryocytes are large, multinucleated cells that are responsible for producing platelets, which are essential for coagulation of blood. They are unique among bone marrow cells due to their enormous size, and their ability to undergo endomitosis, where they replicate their DNA without cell ... Read More

Introduction Dendritic cells (DCs) are a type of immune cell that play a critical role in the immune system. They are responsible for identifying, capturing, processing, and presenting antigens to T cells. DCs are found in most tissues of the body, including lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues, and are critical for the initiation and regulation of immune responses. This tutorial will explore the life cycle of dendritic cells, their different types, and their role in various diseases. Dendritic Cell Presenting Antigen to T-Cell Life Cycle of Dendritic Cells Dendritic cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. ... Read More