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A control memory is a part of the control unit. Any computer that involves microprogrammed control consists of two memories. They are the main memory and the control memory. Programs are usually stored in the main memory by the users. Whenever the programs change, the data is also modified in the main memory. They consist of machine instructions and data.The control memory consists of microprograms that are fixed and cannot be modified frequently. They contain microinstructions that specify the internal control signals required to execute register micro-operations.The machine instructions generate a chain of microinstructions in the control memory. Their function ... Read More

A control unit drives the corresponding processing hardware by generating a set of signals that are in sync with the master clock. The two major operations performed by the control unit are instruction interpretation and instruction sequencing.The control unit is a part of the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU is divided into the arithmetic logic unit and the control unit. The control unit generates the appropriate timing and control signals to all the operations involved with a computer. The flow of data between the processor, memory, and other peripherals is controlled using the timing signals of the control unit.The ... Read More

A bus is a structure that handles the data transmission in a computer system or network. The common bus of 16-bit is controlled by the selection inputs S2, S1 , and, S0.Each binary number is associated with a Boolean variable x1 through x7, corresponding to the gate structure that must be active to select the register or memory for the bus.For example, when x1 = 1, the value of S2, S1 , and, S0 must be 001 and the output of AR will be selected for the bus.The decimal number shown with each bus input indicates the binary equivalent that ... Read More

Flip flops are an application of logic gates. A flip-flop is a basic memory element that can save one bit of data. Flip flop has two stable states. One of the stable states is called SET or 1. The other stable state is known as RESET, CLEAR, or 0.A flip-flop circuit can stay in a binary state continually (as long as power is transferred to the circuit) before conducted by an input signal to switch states. The control gates for the seven flip-flops can be determined similarly. For example, the table shows that IEN may change as a result of ... Read More

The control inputs to registers and memory are −Load (LD) − When it is enabled, the content from the source register or memory can be transferred to/from the bus.Increment (INR) − It can increment the register by 1.Clear (CLR) − It can clear the register.The figure shows a scheme for the control of registers and memory.As shown in the diagram, all the register transfer statements are checked originally which modifies the content of AR.The instructions are as follows −R′T0:AR ← PCR′T2:AR ← IR(0 − 11)D′7IT3 :AR ← M[AR]RT0:AR ← 0D5T4:AR ← AR + 1The first three statements determine the transfer ... Read More

Control Logic Gates is the hardware component of a basic computer. It includes various inputs and outputs. The block diagram of the control logic gates is displayed in the figure. It includes two decoders, a sequence counter, and some control logic gates.There are some instruction that is read from the memory is fixed in the Instruction Register (IR). Therefore, the IR is divided into three elements as I bit, opcode, and bits from 0 by 11. The opcodes are decoded with a 3 * 8 decoder whose outputs are indicated by symbols D0 through D7.The binary value of the specific ... Read More

The instructions and data that have to be calculated should be entered into the computer by the various medium. The results should be provided to the user by a medium. The Input/output structure of the computer supports a method to communicate with the external world and prepare the operating frameworks with the data it requires to handle the I/O activity efficiently.Input-Output ConfigurationThe figure displays an illustration of the input and output device. The input device is the keyboard and the output device is the printer. The terminals are the keyboard and printer. They send and receive the data consecutively.The data ... Read More

Memory reference instructions are those commands or instructions which are in the custom to generate a reference to the memory and approval to a program to have an approach to the commanded information and that states as to from where the data is cache continually. These instructions are known as Memory Reference Instructions.There are seven memory reference instructions which are as follows &ANDThe AND instruction implements the AND logic operation on the bit collection from the register and the memory word that is determined by the effective address. The result of this operation is moved back to the register.ADDThe ADD ... Read More

A program consisting of the memory unit of the computer includes a series of instructions. The program is implemented on the computer by going through a cycle for each instruction.In the basic computer, each instruction cycle includes the following procedures −It can fetch instruction from memory.It is used to decode the instruction.It can read the effective address from memory if the instruction has an indirect address.It can execute the instruction.After the following four procedures are done, the control switches back to the first step and repeats the similar process for the next instruction. Therefore, the cycle continues until a Halt ... Read More

A control unit drives the corresponding processing hardware by generating a set of signals that are in sync with the master clock. The two major operations performed by the control unit are instruction interpretation and instruction sequencing.The main function of a control unit is to fetch the data from the main memory, determine the devices and the operations involved with it, and produce control signals to execute the operations.Types of Control UnitThere are two types of control organization that are as follows −Hardwired ControlIn the hardwired organization, the control logic is executed with gates, flip-flops, decoders, and other digital circuits. ... Read More