Found 451 Articles for Chemistry

Introduction Hunsdiecker Reaction is an organic named reaction proposed by the scientist Alexander Borodin in the year 1861. It is named Borodin reaction, Hunsdiecker degradation, and Hunsdiecker–Borodin reaction because of his contribution. Alexander Borodin synthesized methyl bromide by the reaction of silver acetate. But this is further demonstrated by Cläre Hunsdiecker and her husband Heinz Hunsdiecker for developing a new general method for the preparation of alkyl halides. And named Hunsdiecker reaction because of their contribution. There are many reviews and publications of this reaction as it involves the production of alkyl halides. The reaction includes the halogenation ... Read More

Introduction Carboxylic Acids are also termed hydrocarbon oxidation products. Carboxylic acids are hydrocarbon derivatives that are formed by the replacement of 1 or more hydrogen atoms by carboxylic radicals. Organic compounds with carboxyl groups are known as carboxylic acids. They are a crucial functional group in chemistry. They are named from the carbonyl (C=O) as well as hydroxyl (-OH) groups that they are composed of. They have distinct characteristics from the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. They are divided into monocarboxylic acid, dicarboxylic acid, and tricarboxylic acid depending on the no. of carboxyl groups. Structure of Carboxylic Acids ... Read More

Introduction August Wilhelm von Hoffmann discovered the Hoffmann bromamide reaction mechanism. It is also known as Hoffmann bromamide degradation or Rearrangement as the amine formed is one carbon less than the reagent used in the reaction. This reaction is used to form the primary amine and aromatic amines from amide. The reaction is performed in presence of bromine and strong base sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. This reaction gives the highest yield of the amine and aromatic amines but to get the best yield of an aliphatic amine, the amide should be of less than eight carbon atoms. The product ... Read More

Introduction Heat capacity or thermal capacity is described as the quantity of heat essential to alter the temperature of an item by 1 unit. Heat capacity is an intrinsic attribute of material & may alternatively be described as the ratio of the quantity of heat absorbed by a system to the shift in temperature. Define Heat Capacity When heat is absorbed by an object, the temperature rises; when heat is released, the temperature falls. The total kinetic energy of the components that comprise a body is measured by its temperature. When heat is absorbed by a body, it is transformed ... Read More

Introduction Organometallic reagent called the Grignard reagent was created by French Scientist Victor Grignard. The symbol for it is RMgX. R stands for the alkyl group-containing molecule of carbon, which makes it an organic component, while Mg stands for magnesium which is metal. In the illustration, the X is a halide. It is alkyl magnesium halide as a result. While the link between Mg & X is ionic, the organometallic link is covalent. Ethyl magnesium Bromide & Phenylmagnesium Bromide are two instances of Grignard reagents. Extremely reactive is the Grignard reagent. This happens when magnesium's electron pair is transferred to ... Read More

Introduction We are burning fossil fuels and livestock and cutting forests that increase the global temperature and cause climate change. These activities release greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, etc. which are the main causes of the greenhouse effect. The sun radiates the earth by visible light, ultraviolet, and infrared, these lights are arrested around 70 % by the ocean and earth's surface, and the remaining gets back to space. Due to greenhouse gases, these radiations get trapped in the earth's atmosphere and cause an elevation in the earth's temperature. What is the Greenhouse Effect? In around ... Read More

Introduction In terms of the development of chemistry, germanium was discovered very recently. Natural germanium derivatives tend to be water-insoluble, like aluminium and silicon, and so have low oral toxicity. Some copper ores and sphalerite zinc ores are used as the primary sources of germanium for extraction. Transistors and other electronic devices employ the semiconductor element germanium. In the past, germanium was the only material used for the first ten years of semiconductor electronics. What is Germanium? Germanium is an element in the periodic table that is listed in the periodic table's 4th period and 14th group. Germanium has ... Read More

Introduction Organic compounds are normally, the chemical compounds that contain carbon (C)-hydrogen (H) or only carbon (C)-carbon (C) bonds. There are several (million) organic compounds because of carbon (C)-carbon (C) bond forming capability. The percentage (by number) of organic compounds on the surface of the earth (earth’s crust) is very small but it is very important for all forms of life-sustaining on the surface of the earth. A Functional group is the group of some atoms that is responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound. Functional groups that are the same or like each other undergo the ... Read More

Introduction The Frenkel Defect is a flaw in the production of lattice crystals in which an ion or perhaps atom occupies a normally unoccupied position. It is called after Russian physicist Yakov Frenkel. The vacancy in the crystal is generated by the voluntary spacing out of 1 atom. This defect is sometimes known as a dislocation defect since it exhibits both valencies as well as self-interstitial faults. Small cations in the crystal lattice are displaced from their original places, resulting in an empty site in the crystal lattice. Formation of Frenkel Defect The following is how the mentioned defect forms ... Read More

Introduction Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon (combination of carbon and hydrogen)- containing substances formed naturally (in nature) on the surface of the earth (earth’s crust). They are formed from the remains left-over) of dead (not alive) plants (flora) and animals (fauna) that are extracted (being absorbed) and buried under the soil and burned as fuel. Some of the known and widely used fossil fuels (or, fuels) are coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Coals are formed as rock strata (stone) called coal (charcoal) seams. Coal is produced (formed) when the dead (not alive) plant matter (flora) decays (decomposed) into peat (accumulation of ... Read More