Found 14 Articles for The Solid State

Introduction The most common sort of solid material found in nature is crystalline solids. They are composed of atoms, ions, & molecules arranged in exact & repeating 3-D patterns, resulting in a crystal lattice that spans in all directions in a well microscopic structure. Unlike amorphous materials, crystalline solids have discrete melting temperatures. Network atomic, metallic, ionic, & molecular solids, as well as real solids, are all crystalline solids. Crystals have generally sharp, well-defined melting temperatures, owing to the uniformity of the crystalline lattice, which creates identical local conditions. As an outcome, the solid's intermolecular interactions are consistent, & each ... Read More

Introduction The Frenkel Defect is a flaw in the production of lattice crystals in which an ion or perhaps atom occupies a normally unoccupied position. It is called after Russian physicist Yakov Frenkel. The vacancy in the crystal is generated by the voluntary spacing out of 1 atom. This defect is sometimes known as a dislocation defect since it exhibits both valencies as well as self-interstitial faults. Small cations in the crystal lattice are displaced from their original places, resulting in an empty site in the crystal lattice. Formation of Frenkel Defect The following is how the mentioned defect forms ... Read More

Introduction Closed (closet) packing is defined or understood as the arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules present in the crystal lattice that is characterized by the largest (greatest) number of atoms present in the per unit volume (V) of the crystal. Close (closet) packing is expressed (distinctly) in a large number of crystal structures. Also, it is an important characteristic of most metals and some crystallized inert gases. All the particles (may be atoms, ions, or molecules) to be combined in the formation of the crystal lattice must have the same (similar or equal) spherical solid shape. There ... Read More

Introduction In crystalline solids, any irregularities or distortion observed around a particular point, or an atom is called a point defect. Defects occur when crystallisation takes place at a very fast or intermediate rate. As a result of which the particles or atoms do not get enough time to arrange themselves in a regular pattern. Point defects are further classified into three categories, and they are − Stoichiometric defects (st.), Impurity defects and Non-Stoichiometric defects. In Stoichiometric defects, the ratio of cations (positive charge) and anions (negative charge) remains unchanged. An impurity defect occurs when an external (foreign) atom occupies ... Read More

Introduction The electrical properties of solids are quantified by conductivity. The capacity of a substance to transport electrical energy is referred to as its electrical conductivity. A good conductor may therefore easily carry electric current without melting, boiling, or otherwise changing its chemical makeup. Solids don't all have the same electrical characteristics. Some of them conduct electricity quite well, whilst others do not at all. Solids can be categorised as insulators/conductors/semiconductors depending on a scale of conductivities from 10−20 𝑡𝑜 107 𝑜ℎ𝑚−1𝑚−1. What are Solids? Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter. The molecules in a ... Read More

Introduction Isotropic and anisotropic are two types of macro-scale classification.Materials are substance that constitutes an object. And they may be living or non-living things. An understanding of the properties of materials is very important. All the materials that surround us are different in many aspects that may be including their hardness, transparency, appearance, properties, etc. They are very important as it is the building block of many important things. proper classification of materials is necessary to understand more about the properties of different materials. The classification is based on many aspects such as appearance, hardness, chemical properties, and macro- scale ... Read More

Introduction The proportion of the mass of the unit cell to the volume of the unit cell gives a quantity called the density of the unit cell. The multiplication of the number of atoms and the mass of each atom in a unit cell is the mass of the unit cell. The least volume-consuming and most basic repeating structure of solids are unit cells. It has application in the representation of the crystalline pattern of solids. And this visualization helps in the calculation of the density of unit cells too. A network is formed when a unit repeat and is ... Read More

Introduction The solids which do not allow the flow of electric charge when kept in an electric field are known as dielectric solids. They arrange themselves in such a way that their net dipole moment becomes zero. It happens because in strong electric fields the nucleus and the electrons in the solid are pulled at the opposite sides of the solid and create dipoles in the molecule. In this article, we are going to discuss what are dielectric materials and the properties of dielectric properties of solids. What are Dielectric Materials? The dielectric materials are electrical insulators, when ... Read More

Introduction The fundamental states of matter in which the molecules are closely arranged or packed are solid. So there is a strong attractive force is present in the molecules of solids. Solid has a definite shape and structural rigidity compared to other states of matter. It will not flow or expand like other states gas and liquid. So in the case of solids rather than moving the position of atoms must be considered. The arrangement of these atoms in the solids is generally in two ways. The regular repeating and ordered arrangement of particles in the solids leads to the ... Read More

Introduction In this tutorial let’s learn about the Crystal field theory. Before moving into the definition of Crystal field theory lets have an overall understanding of certain terminologies which will help us in better understanding of this concept. Degenerate Energy Levels If the same energy level is obtained by more than one quantum mechanical state, then the energy levels are said to be degenerate. Transition Metals Transition metals have an empty d orbital. The d orbital split into two energy sublevels, the electron moving between these gives them their properties. Few examples of transaction metals are Copper, Iron, Manganese, etc. ... Read More