Found 450 Articles for Chemistry

Introduction Krypton is an element present along with the noble gases in the periodic table with the symbol Kr. It is an important element in the p block with the atomic number 36. The discovery of elements continued to be very important in chemistry. The extraction of argon gas from air is one of the important discoveries made by scientists. The discovery of argon made scientists think about the existence of a group of elements with similar properties as argon. They even say that some other elements may be hidden in the argon gas. Therefore, liquefaction and evaporation lead ... Read More

Introduction The determination of nitrogen content or determining protein content in samples such as food was a major issue some years ago. The method that already existed some years ago was not so accurate. That is a proper method was not discovered at that time. Later the Danish chemist Johan Gustav Christoffer Thorsager Kjeldahl developed a laboratory method for the determination of Nitrogen because the existing method at that time was very much inaccurate. The method he introduced was given the name Kjeldahl method after him. The method he first introduced contains two steps that are distillation and back titration. ... Read More

Introduction Friedel-Crafts reaction is where an alkyl or acyl group swaps out the hydrogen atom of an aromatic molecule to create a hydrocarbon or ketone. An acid catalyst, including $$\mathrm{AlCl_3, BF_3, ZnCl_2, or\: FCl_3, is}$$ present when the aromatic molecule is alkylated or acylated. An alkyl or acyl cation, the attacking particle, is produced by the catalyst. J. Crafts and C. Friedel invented this reaction in 1877–1878 and used it to link substituents to aromatic rings. It should be noted that the hydrogen atom that was initially linked to the aromatic ring is exchanged with an electrophile during ... Read More

Introduction Daniell cell converts a chemical form of energy into electrical energy. Lets learn more about it. How does the battery in a mobile phone charge when it is plugged into its charger or how does the cell in a TV remote control function? The study of electrochemistry includes both the use of electricity to conduct non-spontaneous chemical reactions as well as the production of electricity through chemical reactions. Cells are employed to attain the goal. Cells are components that cause chemical reactions that result in electricity or generate electricity. What are the two types of cells? ... Read More

Introduction Conformational isomers, also called conformers, are a form or type of stereoisomerism (a type of isomerism where molecules have the same molecular formula but different 3-D orientations of atoms in space ) in which the isomers can easily be interconverted only by rotating them about their single bond or sigma bond. And these conversions can take place at room temperature. This is because the energy required to change or convert one form of conformational isomer to another is usually or generally deficient, so the conversion can easily occur at room temperature. Some examples of conformational isomers are ethane, ... Read More

Introduction Closed (closet) packing is defined or understood as the arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules present in the crystal lattice that is characterized by the largest (greatest) number of atoms present in the per unit volume (V) of the crystal. Close (closet) packing is expressed (distinctly) in a large number of crystal structures. Also, it is an important characteristic of most metals and some crystallized inert gases. All the particles (may be atoms, ions, or molecules) to be combined in the formation of the crystal lattice must have the same (similar or equal) spherical solid shape. There ... Read More

Introduction Drugs are chemical compounds that are used to treat various ailments. The classification of drugs is the way to organise medicines into different categories based on their use, structure, and mechanism of action. Despite the chemical similarities these are classified based on their impact on the body. Some drugs are sold without a prescription and some only after a prescription. The drugs are classified on two main bases pharmacologically and therapeutically. The pharmacological classification is based on chemical similarities and has the same effect on the treatment of diseases. Examples are alcohol, opioids, cannabinoids, barbiturates, etc. The ... Read More

Introduction Calcination and Roasting are two processes that convert ores into their oxide form. Ores are a natural substance in the earth's crust. These ores concentrate on various minerals and valuable metals. Metals extracted from ore are required by applying lots of heat either in the presence or absence of oxygen. The conversion of ores to oxides comes under processes like calcination and roasting. Here is the step-by-step diagram for converting ores into oxide and obtaining pure metals. Raw ore is needed to convert into oxide. During this process of conversion, it expels volatile substances and gas. This ... Read More

Introduction Brownian motion in simple words can be defined as the random movement of dust particles or microscopic particles in liquids or gases( fluids). When observed under a microscope, it was seen that these particles are never still. But it is seen that this movement results due to the particles colliding with each other. This movement was first observed by Robert Brown in 1827. He observed the movement of pollen grains suspended in water under a microscope. He was puzzled to see the movement even though the grains were dead, so he started some other phenomena occurring. But this ... Read More

Introduction Bh is a man-made element that has been particularly hard to research, due to its incredibly short half-life. However, it had been found in 1981 through bombarding Bi-209 with Cr-54 at the Laboratory for Heavy Ion Studies in Germany, it wasn't until 2000 that such an expert panel was capable of manufacturing huge adequate amounts of the element to study its chemical characteristics. The heavier isotopes decompose the slowest, with the maximum observed time barely exceeding 60 seconds. Such an element's minimal stability reduces the permeability beyond the fundamental scientific studies. Bohrium could have been named after Danish scientist ... Read More