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Biotechnology Articles
Page 4 of 29
Coverage in DNA Sequencing and its Types
Keywords DNA sequencing, next-generation sequencing, genetics, sequencing cost, study design, rare variant, nucleotide. Introduction Coverage is one of several measures of the depth or completeness of DNA sequencing and is more specifically expressed in genetics. Coverage describes the number of sequencings reads that are uniquely mapped to a reference and “cover” a known part of the genome. Ideally, the sequencing reads that uniquely aligned are uniformly distributed across the reference genome and hence provide uniform coverage. The number of sequencings that reads that map to a known region is also an important part of coverage. Coverage is not uniform and ...
Read MoreBiofertilizer Technology and Integrated Plant Nutrient Management
Keywords Beneficial microorganisms, rhizosphere, biofertilizers, soil fertility, crop production, sustainable agriculture, integrated plant production, evaluation, crops, inorganic fertilizers, soil fertility, organic fertilizers, fertilizer application, nutrients, organic matter, plant nutrition, cropping systems. Introduction Biofertilizer is a substance which contains living micro-organisms which, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant. Biofertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation, solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-promoting substances producing healthy plants. Biofertilizers ...
Read MoreBiochips - An Overview
Keywords Microarrays, biosensors, genomic analyses, clinical trials, microreactor. Introduction Biochip is a set of diminished microarrays that are placed on a strong substrate that allows many experiments to be executed at the same time to obtain a high throughput in less time. This device contains millions of sensor elements or biosensors. These are not electronic devices. Biochip can be considered as a microreactor that can detect a particular analyte like an enzyme, protein, DNA, biological molecule, or antibody. Biochip, a bio-microarray device, has been extensively studied and developed to enable large-scale genomic, proteomic, and functional genomic analyses. Due to the ...
Read MoreBasic Tools Used in Genetic Engineering
Keywords Recombinant DNA, genetic engineering, genes, gene cloning, genetic manipulations. Introduction Basic tools are necessary for the process to generate recombinant DNA molecules which are enzymes, vectors, and host organisms. The most important enzymes required for genetic engineering are the restriction enzymes, DNA ligase and alkaline phosphatase etc. Each DNA strand contains thousands of genes. Genetic engineering is the process of using gene cloning and other genetic manipulations to isolate specific genes and use it for research and other purposes. Tools Used in Genetic Engineering The list of ten tools/enzymes that are commonly used in genetic engineering are discussed below. ...
Read MoreVariable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs)
Introduction Molecular markers are also known as genetic markers. They are the DNA within a known locus on a chromosome and can be used as an identification tool. Inside a chromosome, these molecular markers help in the identification of specific DNA of interest. A variable number of tandem repeats are locations on a DNA where short nucleotide sequences have been repeated many times in tandem. Variable Number of Tandem Repeats VNTRs are short tandem sequences that are repeated a number of times in a particular location. These VNTRs are always found in groups and are always present in the same ...
Read MoreVirulence Factor - Bacterial and Viral
Introduction Microorganisms are organisms that cannot be seen through the naked eye and require a special aid to observe them. They are cosmopolitan in nature that is are found everywhere. Most of the microorganisms are harmless to us but some cause serious diseases. The microorganisms that cause diseases are called pathogens and the etiology and progression of the disease is known as pathogenesis. Pathogens cause diseases due to certain factors produced by them these factors are known as virulence factors which can be certain chemicals, enzymes, toxins, etc. in this section we will be briefing about virulence factors that are ...
Read MoreSubfunctionalization - An overview
Introduction Occasional inheritable mutation yields organisms that are suited for better survival in an ecological niche and progeny that are preferentially selected. This process of mutation and selection is the basis for the Darwinian evolution that led from the first cell to all modern organisms and explains the fundamental similarity of all living organisms. The remarkable similarity of metabolic pathways and gene sequences across phyla argues strongly that all modern organisms are derived from a common evolutionary progenitor by a series of small changes, each of which conferred a selective advantage over others. Evolution by Gene Duplication and Subfunctionalization Sometimes ...
Read MoreSterilization Techniques for Glassware
Introduction Sterilization is a process of complete removal of all types of living organisms from certain surfaces, objects, or liquids to avoid the chances of contamination and spoilage. It is either done by physical methods like ultraviolet radiations, autoclaving, etc., or by chemical methods like using ethanol. It is different from disinfection in the fact that disinfection kills many types of microorganisms but not all. Sterilization is more effective as compared to disinfection. Need of Sterilization There are some microorganisms that are very dangerous and a person who is working in close vicinity with such microorganisms is likely to fall ...
Read MoreWhat Is Site-Specific Recombination and What Are the Strategies Involved?
Introduction The rearrangement of genetic information within and among DNA molecules encompasses a variety of processes, collectively placed under the heading of genetic recombination. Genetic events fall into three classes- Homologous Genetic Recombination - It involves the exchange of genetic information between two DNA molecules. Site-Specific Recombination - exchange of genetic information occurs only at a particular DNA sequence. DNA Transposition - It is different from the other two classes in the fact that it usually involves a short segment of DNA molecule that has a unique capacity to move from one location on the chromosome ...
Read MoreSingle Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs)
Introduction Each human differs from the next by about 1 base pair in every 1000 base pairs. From these small genetic variations arises the human variety we are all aware of – differences in hair color, eyesight, allergies to medications, and even behavior. These variations are due to changes in the single nucleotide. Therefore, single nucleotide polymorphism can be defined as the variation that arises due to the alteration of a single nucleotide (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) and prevails in at least 1% of the population. These SNPs act as molecular markers and help in the diagnosis of certain ...
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