Introduction Neurobiology or Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system (the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system), its functions and disorders. It is a multidisciplinary science that combines physiology, anatomy, molecular biology, developmental biology, cytology, psychology, physics, computer science, chemistry, medicine, statistics, and mathematical modeling to understand ... Read More

Introduction Cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occur in nature when organisms such as bacteria, fungi, insects, or plants reproduce asexually. Examples of such organisms are various trees such as hazel trees, blueberry plants, and the American sweetgum. Cloning in biotechnology refers to ... Read More

Introduction Fluorophore and fluorochrome refer to the same thing. The difference between fluorochrome and fluorophore is that fluorochrome is any of various fluorescent dyes used to stain biological material before microscopic examination while fluorophore is (biochemistry) a molecule or functional group which is capable of fluorescence. Fluorophores, or fluorochromes, are ... Read More

Introduction Human Recombinant Insulin Market is segmented by product type (short-acting human insulin, intermediate-acting human insulin and premixed human insulin), brand (Insuman, Humulin, Novolin, and other brands), distribution channel (retail pharmacies and online pharmacies), and geography (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa, and South America). The Human ... Read More

Introduction Pyrolysis is the process of chemical degradation that involves heating organic material at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen. It differs from other processes like combustion and hydrolysis which do not involve addition of other reagents such as oxygen (combustion) or water (hydrolysis). Pyrolysis produces solids (char), condensable ... Read More

Introduction Neurobiology is the study of the cells and tissues of the nervous system and how the brain works including the brain, spine, neural circuits, and nerves that work throughout the body. Neurobiology is a subset of both physiology and neuroscience. The full vertebrate nervous system includes both the central ... Read More

Introduction Fluorochromes are photoreactive chemicals when absorbing light or energy, electrons are raised from the ground state to an excited state. Electrons return to the ground state by a variety of transitions which may involve the emission of a quantum of light. This effect is termed fluorescence. The emitted light ... Read More

Introduction Super-integron term was first applied in 1998 (but without definition) to the integron with a long cassette array on the small chromosome of Vibrio cholerae. The term has since been used for integrons of various cassette array lengths or for integrons on bacterial chromosomes (plasmids). The use of "super-integron" ... Read More

Keywords Complementary DNA, transcriptome, mRNA, eukaryotic cells, bacterial cell, genomic DNA. Introduction A cDNA library is a combination of cloned cDNA (complementary DNA) fragments inserted into a collection of host cells, which constitute some portion of the transcriptome of the organism and are stored as a "library". cDNA is produced ... Read More

Keywords Bacterial genomes, antibiotic-resistant pathogens, genome evolution, integrons, Gram-negative pathogens, antibiotic resistance. Introduction Integrons are genetic elements that allow efficient capture and expression of exogenous genes. They are widely known for their role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance, particularly among Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Exploration of integron diversity in natural ... Read More