Found 292 Articles for Biotechnology

Keywords Insulin, recombinant human insulin, manufacturing process, bioequivalence, clinical studies, Insuman formulations, NPH insulin, premix insulin, review. Introduction Recombinant human insulin was one of the first products of biotechnology. Insulin replacement therapy is the early standard of care for patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recombinant human insulin replaced the animal insulins and semisynthetic insulins obtained by modification of animal insulins. With the development of recombinant DNA technology, recombinant (biosynthetic) human insulin became available in large amounts by biosynthesis in microorganisms (Escherichia coli, yeast) providing reliable supplies of the hormone worldwide at affordable costs. Insulin, recombinant human ... Read More

Keywords Relative growth rate, unit leaf rate, net assimilation rate, specific leaf area, leaf weight fraction, leaf area ratio, allometry, GEDI, LiDAR, forest biomass, regression, non-parametric models, pixel-based approach, sentinal-2, terrestrial carbon stock, uncertainty mapping, carbon accounting, climate change, field survey, geostatistics, remote sensing technique, scale, uncertainty. Introduction Growth analysis is an explanatory, holistic and integrative approach of interpreting plant functional or structural significance. The type of growth analysis requires measurement of plant biomass and assimilatory area (leaf area) and methods of computing certain parameters that describe growth. Growth is an irreversible increase in plant size accompanied by a quantitative ... Read More

Keywords Vegetative propagating, asexual reproduction, reproduction, fungi, bacteria. Introduction Plant cloning is a technique for vegetatively propagating plants in which a piece of the stem or root of the source plant is placed in a suitable medium such as moist soil, potting mix, coir, or rock wool. The cutting produces new roots, stems, or both, and thus becomes a new plant independent of the parent. Asexual reproduction is a naturally occurring phenomenon in many species, including most plants and some insects. Plants are survivors that have lived on earth long before the first animals. Plants can make clones of themselves ... Read More

Keywords Animal cloning, reproduction, embryo, fetus, endangered species, genetic copies, DNA, cells, tissues, clone. Introduction Animal cloning is an asexual method of reproduction. It can be defined as a form of animal reproduction that involves the replacement of the egg nucleus with a cell from the body part of the donor (somatic cell). Once the replacement is complete, the reconstructed embryo is inserted into a surrogate mother for the fetus to develop. The advanced technique of biotechnology allows ranchers to increase the reproduction of productive livestock. With this, they can replicate the most favorable existing traits of the livestock, ... Read More

Keywords Phosphopeptides, isolation, separations, hydrophilic interaction, electrostatic repulsion, mobile phase, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino acids, peptides, proteins. Introduction Electrostatic Repulsion Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography is a new mode of chromatography. It permits some separations to be done isocratically that normally would require a gradient. It also permits the selective isolation of phosphopeptides from a tryptic digest. ERLIC, the column is of the same charge as the sample solutes. The mobile phase contains enough organic solvent so that hydrophilic interaction keeps the solutes on the column despite the electrostatic repulsion. The pH of the mobile phase is selected to ensure ... Read More

Keywords Genetic marker, DNA sequence, chromosome, variation, mutation, minisatellites, protein variation, genetic mapping. Introduction A genetic marker is a known location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome which is used in the identification of individuals or species. It is described as a variation or mutation in a DNA sequence surrounding a single base-pair change or a long one, like minisatellites. Gene markers help in the identification of genetic characteristics like blood groups and protein variation. Examples of genetic markers are single polymorphism nucleotides (SNPs), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs), microsatellites, and ... Read More

Keywords DNA annotation, genome annotation, genetic material, genomic position, genomic databases, database records, eukaryotic genome, annotation tools, prokaryotic genomes. Introduction DNA annotation or genome annotation is the process of identifying the locations of genes and all the coding regions in a genome and determining what those genes do. An annotation is a note added by way of explanation or commentary. Once a genome is sequenced, it needs to be annotated to make sense of it. For DNA annotation, a previously unknown sequence representation of genetic material is enriched with information relating genomic position to intron-exon boundaries, regulatory sequences, repeats, gene ... Read More

Keywords DNA sequences, small fragments, genetic sequencing, capillary electrophoresis, nucleotides, genome. Introduction Shotgun Sequencing and Next Generation Sequencing have the key difference i.e., Shotgun Sequencing is a sequencing method which randomly breaks up DNA sequences into many small fragments and reassembles the sequence by observing the overlapping regions. While Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is an advanced method of genetic sequencing which depends on capillary electrophoresis. Sequencing is the process that determines the precise order of nucleotides in a gene, a cluster of genes, chromosome, and a complete genome. It is very important in genomic studies, forensic studies, virology, biological ... Read More

Keywords Genetic manipulation, gene expression, Cre recombinase, recognition site, P1 bacteriophage, genomes, recombination. Introduction Cre-Lox is a powerful tool for genetic manipulation in vivo because it allows for excellent spatial and temporal control of gene expression. This is invaluable when working with animal models, where unchecked gene expression or complete gene knockout may be detrimental or lethal. As the name suggests, the Cre-Lox system relies on two components to function: a Cre recombinase, and its recognition site, loxP. These components have been adapted from the P1 bacteriophage for use in genetic manipulation. LoxP sites are directional 34 bp sequences made ... Read More

Keywords DNA sequencing, next-generation sequencing, genetics, sequencing cost, study design, rare variant, nucleotide. Introduction Coverage is one of several measures of the depth or completeness of DNA sequencing and is more specifically expressed in genetics. Coverage describes the number of sequencings reads that are uniquely mapped to a reference and “cover” a known part of the genome. Ideally, the sequencing reads that uniquely aligned are uniformly distributed across the reference genome and hence provide uniform coverage. The number of sequencings that reads that map to a known region is also an important part of coverage. Coverage is not uniform and ... Read More