Found 292 Articles for Biotechnology

Introduction The genome of the organism refers to all the genes that work together in harmony to improve the health of an organism. But there are some genes that take control of themselves and aid their own transmission at the cost of other genes in the genome, in other ways they behave in a selfish way by keeping them first. Such genes which project themselves overcasting other genes are called selfish genes. Most of the time this will not have any impact on the organisms but sometimes it may pose a negative impact on the organism’s health and fitness. Reproductive ... Read More

Introduction The central dogma of molecular biology stated the utilization of genetic information. The first process is replication, the copying of parental DNA to form daughter DNA molecules with identical nucleotide sequences. The second process is transcription, which is the process by which a genetic message present in the DNA is copied into an RNA. The third process involves the translation of messages on RNA to a polypeptide chain with a particular amino acid in the ribosomes. With all these processes one more process takes place in viruses where genetic material is RNA, in such organisms a complementary ... Read More

Introduction Transposons are a type of mobile genetic element in which DNA sequences have a unique ability to move from one place to another within a chromosome. Eukaryotes have transposons that are structurally similar to bacterial transposons and some similar transposition mechanisms. In other cases, however, the mechanism of transposition seems to involve an RNA intermediate with the evolution of certain classes of RNA viruses. Epigenetic regulation can be defined as the phenomenon by which the mode of working of a specific gene is controlled by mea Retrotransposons Retrotransposons code for an enzyme that is very similar to ... Read More

Introduction Restriction sites are the unique sites on the DNA that are recognized by restriction enzymes and then cleaved into smaller fragments. They are also called recognition sites. These restriction sites and their recognition has revolutionized the field of genetic engineering ad cloning techniques. Several molecular markers are developed based on this. In this series restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) markers have been developed in recent years that have been used in the determination of single nucleotide polymorphisms and the construction of the genetic map. Every site pertaining to a particular restriction enzyme can be represented genome-wide by these short RAD ... Read More

Introduction Genetic markers can be defined as a sequence of DNA with a known physical location on a chromosome. Genetic markers and genes that are close to each other tend to get inherited together. Genetic markers vary between individuals to the extent they can be used to help find a nearby gene causing a certain disease or trait within a family. Random amplified polymorphic DNA is one of such genetic markers which used the polymerase chain reaction method for the amplification of random DNA segments on a chromosome. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA This technique uses a short primer that attaches ... Read More

Introduction Radiation can be defined as a form of electromagnetic wave that can travel through a vacuum or any other medium. They have both particles as well as wave nature. Since they can travel in a vacuum so, they can travel through space and can reach us and can even penetrate various substances including the human body. Radiations can be natural like cosmic rays or can be man-made like X-rays. Long-term exposure to radiation can be lethal and can even induce cancer in humans therefore, it is very important to protect ourselves from such radiation which can be lethal, ... Read More

Introduction It was earlier described by Beadle and Tatum that a gene is the part of DNA that determines or codes the primary sequence of some final gene product which can be an enzyme, a polypeptide, or an RNA. On the other hand, as the name suggests, pseudogene or false genes are also segments of DNA but unfortunately do not code for any protein. Since they are of no use in the DNA they are sometimes referred to as Junk genes. They have structural resemblance and are also believed to be derived from functional genes, but they do not ... Read More

Introduction Living organisms produce a variety of proteins for various functions. The type of protein to be produced depend on the function it has to perform, the need of the protein, and its interaction with other proteins. This entire set of proteins that are produced in a living system is called Proteome. The study of Proteome is referred to as Proteomics. Proteomes are important as they are the building blocks of the living system that they form the structural and functional entity of cellular life. The study of proteomics is important as it provides a better understanding of the proteins, ... Read More

Introduction Proteins are known as the basic body-building macromolecules in our body. Since they are required in more quantity in our body like carbohydrates and lipids, they are called macromolecules. Proteins are made up of monomeric units called amino acids to form polymeric proteins. So, we can say that amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins form the essential part of every cell and are important for growth and repair are form the enzymes in our body. They mediate virtually every process that takes place in a cell, exhibiting an almost endless diversity of functions. Study of ... Read More

Introduction Bacteriophages replicate themselves by two pathways which are the lytic and lysogenic cycles. Both cycles differ from each other in the fact that in the lytic phase bacteriophage assembles its particles and causes the rupturing of the host bacteria whereas, in the case of the lysogenic cycle, the phage integrates a segment of DNA into the host genome which is transmitted to other generations as the bacteria divides. The lysogenic cycle is also known as the temperate phase and bacteriophage P1 is one such type of virus that shows lysogeny. In this segment, we will be discussing the structure, ... Read More