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Multiple access protocols are a set of protocols operating in the Medium Access Control sublayer (MAC sublayer) of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. These protocols allow a number of nodes or users to access a shared network channel. Several data streams originating from several nodes are transferred through the multi-point transmission channel. The objectives of multiple access protocols are optimization of transmission time, minimization of collisions and avoidance of crosstalks. Categories of Multiple Access Protocols Multiple access protocols can be broadly classified into three categories - random access protocols, controlled access protocols and channelization protocols. ... Read More
In order to differentiate the Conductor, Semiconductor, and Insulator, first we have to understand their extent of forbidden band i.e. separation between their conduction and valance band. The main difference between the conductor, semiconductor and insulator is in their conductivity.ConductorA conductor is a type of material that allows the electric current to flow through it i.e. it possesses least resistance in the path of free electrons. In case of conductor, the valance and conduction bands overlap. Due to this overlapping, a small potential difference across a conductor causes the free electrons to constitute electric current.All the metals are conductors. The ... Read More
An unordered list is unordered list of items marked with bullets, circle, disc and square. It gives you the ability to control the list in the context. Allow us to group a set of related items in lists. HTML support ordered list, unordered list and we have to use the tag, to create unordered list in HTML. The tag defines the unordered list. We use tag to start list of items. The list of items can be marked as bullets, square, disc and circle. By default, the list items in the context marked with the bullets. ... Read More
A List of elements can be copied to another List using multiple ways.Way #1Create a List by passing another list as a constructor argument.List copyOflist = new ArrayList(list);Create a List and use addAll() method to add all the elements of the source list.Way #2List copyOfList = new ArrayList(); copyOfList.addAll(list);Way #3Use Collections.copy() method to copy the contents of source list to destination. Existing elements will be overridden by indexes if any.Collections.copy(copyOfList, list);Way #4Use Streams to create a copy of a list.List copyOfList = list.stream().collect(Collectors.toList());ExampleFollowing is the example to explain the creation of copy of List object using multiple ways −package com.tutorialspoint; ... Read More
On Windows-based PCs, MBR and GPT are two prevalent partitioning techniques. They are layout specifications for storage devices such as an HDD (Hard Disk Drive) or SSD (Solid State Drive). The partition style instructs Windows on accessing the data on the present drive and is selected during disc startup. As a result, having a partition style for each disc in use is required. The partition styles MBR (Master Boot Record) and GPT (GUID Partition Table) are used to start a hard disc. MBR is the most common format and is compatible with BIOS systems. GPT is a newer type that ... Read More
Peripheral devices are those devices that are linked either internally or externally to a computer. These devices are commonly used to transfer data. The most common processes that are carried out in a computer are entering data and displaying processed data. Several devices can be used to receive data and display processed data. The devices used to perform these functions are called peripherals or I/O devices.Peripherals read information from or write in the memory unit on receiving a command from the CPU. They are considered to be a part of the total computer system. As they require a conversion of ... Read More
Data link layer protocols are divided into two categories based on whether the transmission channel is noiseless or noisy. The data link layer protocol is diagrammatically represented below − Noiseless Channels There are two noiseless channels which are as follows − Simplex channel Stop & wait channel Let us consider an ideal channel where no frames are lost, duplicated, or corrupted. We introduce two protocols for this type of channel. These two protocols are as follows − Protocol that does not use flow control. Protocol that uses the ... Read More
We use inline style attribute, to set the table width in HTML. The attribute is used within the HTML tag, with the CSS property width to set table width. Syntax Following is the syntax to set table width in HTML. … Example Following is the example program to set table width in HTML. DOCTYPE html> table { border:1px solid black; padding: 10px; ... Read More
Asymptotic NotationsAsymptotic notations are used to represent the complexities of algorithms for asymptotic analysis. These notations are mathematical tools to represent the complexities. There are three notations that are commonly used.Big Oh NotationBig-Oh (O) notation gives an upper bound for a function f(n) to within a constant factor.We write f(n) = O(g(n)), If there are positive constantsn0 and c such that, to the right of n0 the f(n) always lies on or below c*g(n).O(g(n)) = { f(n) : There exist positive constant c and n0 such that 0 ≤ f(n) ≤ c g(n), for all n ≥ n0}Big Omega NotationBig-Omega ... Read More
In this tutorial, we will learn how we can find the value of a button with JavaScript. Sometimes, we need to use the button tag inside the form tag, where we assign a particularly unique value to each associated with the element using the value attribute. Which later helps the developer to uniquely identify the elements while working with them in the back end. JavaScript provides us with the value property to get the value passed inside the value attribute Let us discuss the value property in detail. Button value Property The button value property is used to get ... Read More