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Articles on Trending Technologies
Technical articles with clear explanations and examples
What is Crossbar Switch in Computer Architecture.
The crossbar switch organization includes various crosspoints that are located at intersections between processor buses and memory module directions. The diagram shows a crossbar switch interconnection between four CPUs and four memory modules.The tiny square in each crosspoint is a switch that decides the direction from a processor to a memory module. Every switch point has to control logic to set up the transmission direction between a processor and memory.It determines the address that is located in the bus to decide whether its specific module is being addressed. It can also resolve several requests for an approach to the equal ...
Read MoreWhat is Multiport Memory?
Multiport memory is a memory that helps in providing more than one access port to separate processors or to separate parts of one processor. A bus can be used to achieve this kind of access.This mechanism applies to interconnected computers too. A multiport memory system uses separate buses between each CPU and each memory module.Each processor bus is linked to each memory module. A processor bus includes three components as an address, information, and control lines. These components are required to connect with memory. The memory module has four ports and each port includes one of the buses.A module should ...
Read MoreWhat is Time-shared Common Bus in Computer Architecture?
In the time-shared common bus, there are numerous processors linked by a common direction to the memory unit in a common-bus multiprocessor system. The figure shows the organization of time-shared common buses for five processors.There is only one processor that can interact with the memory of another processor. The processor that is in control of the bus at the time implements transfer operations. Any processor that needs to start a transfer should first check the availability condition of the bus.During the bus is available, the processor can start a connection with the destination unit to introduce the transfer. A command ...
Read MoreDifference between Shared Memory Multiprocessors and Message-Passing Multiprocessors in Computer Architecture.
Shared Memory MultiprocessorsIn shared-memory multiprocessors, numerous processors are accessing one or more shared memory modules. The processors may be physically connected to the memory modules in many ways, but logically every processor is connected to every memory module.One of the major characteristics of shared memory multiprocessors is that all processors have equally direct access to one large memory address space. The limitation of shared memory multiprocessors is memory access latency.The figure shows shared-memory multiprocessors.Shared memory multiprocessors have a major benefit over other multiprocessors since all the processors sent a similar view of the memory.These processors are also termed Uniform Memory ...
Read MoreWhat is Page Replacement in Computer Architecture?
A virtual memory organization is a consolidation of hardware and software systems. It can make efficient utilization of memory space all the software operations are handled by the memory management software.The hardware mapping system and the memory management software together form the structure of virtual memory.When the program implementation starts, one or more pages are transferred into the main memory and the page table is set to denote their location. The program is implemented from the main memory just before a reference is created for a page that is not in memory. This event is defined as a page fault.When ...
Read MoreHow to Address Mapping using Pages in Computer Architecture?
The table execution of the address mapping is interpreted if the data in the address space and the memory space are each split into a collection of fixed sizes. The physical memory is broken down into sets of similar size known as blocks, which can range from 64 to 4096 words each. The term page defines a set of address spaces of a similar size.Example − Suppose a page or block consists of 1K words, then address space can be divided into 1024 pages and main memory can be divided into 32 blocks.Even though both a page and a block ...
Read MoreWhat is the relationship between Address and Memory Space in a Virtual Memory System?
Addresses that are used by programmers are known as virtual addresses, and the set of such addresses is known as the address space. Space or spot where the address is saved in the main memory is referred to as location or physical address and the set of such locations is known as the memory space.Therefore, the address space is the set of addresses generated by programs as they reference instructions and data. The memory space holds the actual main memory locations that are directly addressable for processing.Example − Consider, main-memory having a capacity of 32K words (K = 1024). 15 ...
Read MoreDiscuss the Associative Mapping in Computer Architecture?
In the associative mapping function, any block of main memory can probably consist of any cache block position. It breaks the main memory address into two parts - the word ID and a tag as shown in the figure. To check for a block stored in the memory, the tag is pulled from the memory address and a search is performed through all of the lines of the cache to see if the block is present.This method of searching for a block within a cache appears like it might be a slow process, but it is not. Each line of ...
Read MoreWhat is Associative Memory?
An associative memory can be treated as a memory unit whose saved information can be recognized for approach by the content of the information itself instead of by an address or memory location. Associative memory is also known as Content Addressable Memory (CAM).The block diagram of associative memory is shown in the figure. It includes a memory array and logic for m words with n bits per word. The argument register A and key register K each have n bits, one for each bit of a word.The match register M has m bits, one for each memory word. Each word ...
Read MoreDiscuss the Memory Hierarchy in Computer Architecture?
The memory unit is an important component in any digital computer since it is required for saving programs and information. A very small computer with limited software can fulfill its intended function without the requirement for additional storage capacity.There is only not limited space in one memory unit to contain all the programs used in an ordinary computer. Further, various computer users acquire and continue to acquire huge amounts of data-processing software. It is not all acquired data that is required by the processor at an equal time. Hence, it is more cost-effective to use low-cost storage devices to distribute ...
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