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BYOB provides a framework for security researchers and developers to build and operate a basic botnet to deepen their understanding of the sophisticated malware that infects millions of devices every year and spawns modern botnets, in order to improve their ability to develop counter-measures against these threats. It is designed to allow developers to easily implement their own code and add cool new features without having to write a RAT or Command & Control server from scratch.FeaturesNothing Written To The Disk − clients never write anything to the disk - not even temporary files because remote imports allow arbitrary code ... Read More
Sometimes the random ads are irritating in YouTube video. I am showing how you can bypass YouTube Ads by using a simple trick.What to do?Open your browser.Visit YouTube.com URL.When you visit your favorite video on YouTube, on address bar, you need to add a dot [.]Done.POC ExampleWhen you visit a YouTube video, Url looks like YouTube.com/xyz, and here you will need to add youtube.com./xyz in URL.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyz (Showing ADs)https://www.youtube.com./watch?v=xyz (Not Show ADs)Note - It will work on the desktop. For mobile browser, you need to use a desktop version of the video page.How does it worksIt's a commonly forgotten edge case, ... Read More
It is imperative to fully cover your tracks you made on the systems during assault. This tool is designed for pen testing "covering tracks" phase, before exiting the infected server. Or, permanently disable system logs for post-exploitation.This tool allows you to clear log files such as −/var/log/messages # General message and system related stuff/var/log/auth.log # Authenication logs/var/log/kern.log # Kernel logs/var/log/cron.log # Crond logs/var/log/maillog # Mail server logs/var/log/boot.log # System boot log/var/log/mysqld.log # MySQL database server log file/var/log/qmail # Qmail log directory/var/log/httpd # Apache access and error logs directory/var/log/lighttpd # Lighttpd access and error logs directory/var/log/secure # Authentication log/var/log/utmp # Login ... Read More
Android Debug Bridge (adb) is a versatile command-line tool that lets you communicate with a device. The ADB is typical, used to communicate with a smartphone, tablet, smartwatch, set-top box, or any other device that can run the Android operating system. We can do things on an Android device that may not be suitable for everyday use, like, install apps outside of the Play Store, debug apps, access hidden features, and bring up a UNIX shell, etc. For security reasons, Developer Options need to be unlocked and you need to have USB Debugging Mode enabled as well. Not only that, ... Read More
Company finances its assets by capital structure. It can finance its assets by either only equity or combination of debt and equity.Modigliani and miller proposed a theory in 1950s, which says, valuation of a company is irrelevant to its capital structure. It is also irrelevant, to whether company is highly leveraged or low debt because of its market value. It depends only on operating profits of company. This theory is also called as capital structure irrelevance principle.Modigliani and miller approach states the valuation of company is irrelevant to its capital structure. Let us say, Company X is financed by equity ... Read More
Return on investment Operating leverage Financial leverage Combined leverageRs.Sales (S)1000000Variable cost (VC)375000Fixed cost (FC)95000Debt425000Interest on debt10%Equity capital590000SolutionThe solution is given below −return on investment = EBIT/ (D + E) return on investment = (S – VC – FC)/ (D + E) return on investment = (1000000 – 375000 – 95000)/ (425000 + 590000) return on investment = 530000/ 1015000 return on investment = 52.22%operating leverage (OL) = (S – VC)/ EBIT operating leverage = (1000000 – 375000)/ 530000 operating leverage = 625000/ 530000 operating leverage = 1.18financial leverage (FL) =EBIT/ EBT financial leverage = 530000/ (EBIT – I) financial leverage = 530000/ (530000 ... Read More
SolutionThe solution is given below −Interest cost = 12% (250000) = 30000/- Earnings = EBIT – Interest cost = 50000 – 30000 = 20000/- (no tax rate) Shareholders earnings = earnings Shareholders earnings = 20000/- Market value (equity) E = shareholder’s earnings/ cost of equity Market value (equity) E = 20000/16%= 125000 Market value (Debt) D = 250000/- Market value (total) = E + D Market value (total) = 125000 + 250000= 375000/- Cost of capital = EBIT/ market value (total) Cost of capital = 50000/ 37500 = 13.33% Degree of financial leverage ... Read More
Capital structure plays an important role in value of a company. Different companies have different capital structures like some have capital based on debt, some have based on equity and some have a mixed or combination of both in their financial mix.Durand proposed net income approach and he states that change in cost of capital and valuation of company will change, if there a change in financial leverage. Capital structure is relevant to valuation of a firm. Increase in financial leverage leads to increase in weighted average cost of capital (WACC) and value of firm will increase.Market value of equity ... Read More
The major differences between net operating income and net income are as follows −Net operating incomeNo relevance in capital structure.Degree of leverage is irrelevant to cost of capital (assumes).It has constant cost of capital.Equity value is residual.Changes perception of investor with increase in debt.Net incomeRelevance in capital structure.Change in degree of leverage will change WACC (assumes).No taxes.Cost of debt is less than cost of equity.Change in debt will not change perception of investors.
SolutionThe solution is as follows −Debt ratioEquityDebtCost of debtWACCInterest Expenses (I)Market value of a company (V)Market value of Equity (E)Net operating income (EBIT – I)Cost of equity (Ke)0.003500000010%11.5%03625000362500362500010%0.20280000070000010%11.5%70000362500029250035550008.07%0.451925000157500010%11.5%157500362500020500034675005.65%0.702450000245000010%11.5%245000362500011750033800003.24%1.000350000010%11.5%35000036250001250032750000.35%Equity = book value * (1-debt ratio)Debt = book value * debt ratioInterest (I) = debt * cost of borrowedMarket value of a company (V) = EBIT/WACCMarket value of equity (E) = V – ICost of equity = E/V