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Circuit Switching is a dedicated connection path between the sending and receiving devices. The dedicated route is a connected series of connections between the switching nodes.A traditional mobile network, where a dedicated route is established between the caller and the called party for the span of a mobile call, is termed as circuit switching.The circuit switching is depicted in the diagram given below −Transmission through circuit switching has three phases, which are as follows −Circuit EstablishmentA circuit switching network is necessary to establish an end-to-end link before any signal is transmitted. For example, if the communication is between A and ... Read More
When a client creates the web or another computer network which is external to their current position, the messages are transmitted by the transmission media web. This method of shifting the data from one computer network to another network is called data switching.Switches can be called as an advanced form of the hub. They can provide the dedicated bandwidth at each node of the network that results in traffic passing through one node without affecting another node. It combines the hardware and software. Moreover, it contains enough intelligence to turn on or off a specific port through its software controls.Switching ... Read More
The Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is done only in fiber optic channels. In WDM, several light waves from multiple sources are connected by using a prism to form a composite light signal sent across the medium.At the receiver end, the hybrid light is broken down into different light waves, and these are delivered to their corresponding receiver, as shown in the figure below. The concept of WDM and Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) is the same.The application of WDM is the Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) in which various optical fiber lines are multiplexed and demultiplexed. There is a new technique known as ... Read More
The electromagnetic waves having frequencies from 300 GHz to 400 THz (wavelengths from 1mm to 770 nm) are referred to as infrared (IR) waves. IR uses line-of-sight propagation.Infrared light is a transmission channel whose features are necessarily different from those of the radio frequencies. A fundamental property of infrared light is that it cannot penetrate the walls. This represents that it can easily include it within a room.Another advantage of infrared communication is massive bandwidth which is available for use, but has not been exploited to its full extent.The major disadvantage is that the sun creates emission in the infrared ... Read More
OSI represents Open System Interconnection. It was produced by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) located in Geneva, Switzerland, and the consultative committee for international Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT).OSI was created to develop a frequent standard of network structure throughout the globe. It supports a general idea of inter-process communication so that any open system can technically connect with another accessible framework without any issues. OSI model is a seven-layered architecture model.Advantages of the OSI ModelThe advantages of the OSI Model are as follows −The OSI models clearly define the services, interfaces and protocols. It explains which layer's services are supported. ... Read More
The presentation layer changes the data from an application layer into the device native internal mathematical structure and encodes communicated information into a displayable output format.It executes the code changes, document compressions, security encryption, etc. It also defines the data as per the software/hardware environment of the hub. For instance, demonstrating UNIX structured data in windows.The link between the presentation layer and the application and session layer has been shown in the diagram below −It is concerned with the syntax of data.TranslationThe procedure in two frameworks are generally to exchange the data in the form of character strings, numbers etc. ... Read More
The session layer supports establishing, controlling, and eliminating a session or dialogue between the two end frameworks. It generates the session, handles the packets sent back and forth during the session and removes the session. The dialogue type/session type is also defined through half-duplex or full-duplex.The session layer also supports data synchronization and check pointing so that only the information transmitted after the point of failure should be retransmitted in the event of network failure.This layer also governs the dialogue between the two processes by deciding who can send and who can get at what point during the transmission.The session ... Read More
Physical layer is the shortest layer in the model. This layer is feasible for initiating, preserving, and deactivating a physical circuit between two end frameworks.The Physical Layer is vital for transmitting bits from one device to another device. It can change the series of bits into electric signals, light signals, or electromagnetic signals, relying on either the two hubs on a link circuit, fiber-optic circuit, or microwave/radio circuit.Passive hubs, simple active hubs, terminators, couplers, cables, connectors, repeaters, multiplexers, transmitters and receivers are the devices associated with the physical layer.The physical layer situation for the transmission channel and the data link ... Read More
OSI represents Open System Interconnection. The OSI reference model is a seven-layered architecture and is created in a hugely structured method. Each layer in the model has specific sets of procedures, functions, and protocols. One layer can communicate with an adjacent layer by using its interface.OSI model was advanced by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Geneva, Switzerland, and by the Consultative Committee for International Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT).The figure given below displays the seven-layered Architecture of OSI Models, along with the protocols and interfaces.Functions of the OSI LayersThere are various functions of OSI Layers which are as follows:Physical LayerThis ... Read More
Lamda Functions (also referred to as Anonymous Function in Python) are very useful in building Tkinter GUI applications. They allow us to send multiple data through the callback function. Lambda can be inside any function that works as an anonymous function for expressions. In Button Command, lambda is used to pass the data to a callback function.ExampleIn this example, we will create an application that will have some buttons in it. The button command is defined with the lambda function to pass the specific value to a callback function.#Import the library from tkinter import * from tkinter import ttk ... Read More