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SNMP stands for Simple Network Management Protocol. It is an Internet-standard protocol for handling devices on IP networks. Devices that typically provide SNMP include routers, switches, servers, workstations, printers, modem racks, and more. It is used mainly in the network management framework to monitor network-attached computers for conditions requiring regulatory attention.It is a framework for managing devices on the Internet using the TCP-IP protocol suite. It supports a set of fundamental operations for monitoring and maintaining the Internet.SNMP ConceptSNMP facilitates the concept of manager and agent. A manager, generally a host, controls and monitors a group of agents, usually routers. ... Read More
Network Management involves monitoring and controlling a network system so that it can operate properly without downtime. So, the function performed by a network management system are categorised as follows −Fault managementFault management is the procedure of technology used to manage the administrator who prevents faults within a networked system so that the availability of downtime is reduced by identifying, isolating and fixing any malfunctions that occur. It can support active and passive components to disavow fault.Configuration managementIt refers to the process of initially configuring a network and then adjusting it in response to changing networks requirements. This function is ... Read More
Network management is the procedure of administering, managing and working a data network using a network management system. Current network management systems use software and hardware to constantly collect and analyse data and push out configuration changes for increasing performance, reliability, and security.It involves configuring monitoring and possibly reconfiguring components in a network with the goal of providing optimal performance, minimum downtime, proper security, accountability and flexibility.FeaturesThere are various features of network management which are as follows −Network automationOne defining feature of a modern network management system is network automation. This is the procedure of automating the configuring, handling, testing, ... Read More
POP stands for Post Office Protocol. It provides a standard mechanism for retrieving emails from a remote server for a mail recipient. For instance, suppose that a home user A usually connects to the Internet using a dial-up connection to an ISP.Suppose that another person, B, has sent an e-mail to A, when A is a net connected to the Internet. The email gets stored in the mailbox for user A provided by the ISP.When A connects to the Internet the next time and wants to see the new e-mail that has arrived, he opens his email client program. That ... Read More
MIME represents Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions. It is a development to the Internet email protocol that enables its users to exchange several kinds of data files over the Internet, including images, audio, and video.The MIME is required if the text in character sets other than the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). Virtually, all human-written Internet email and a fairly large proportion of automated email is transmitted via Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) in MIME format.MIME was designed mainly for SMTP, but the content types defined by MIME standards are important also in communication protocols outside of email, such ... Read More
ATM transfers data in fixed-size units are known as cells. Each cell includes 53 octets or bytes, as shown in the figure. The first 5 bytes contain cell-header data, and the remaining 48 include the payload (user information).Small, fixed-length cells are well appropriated to transfer voice and video traffic due to such traffic is biased to delays that result from having to wait for a huge data packet to download, among other things.HeaderPayload5 Bytes48 BytesATM Cell FormatAn ATM cell header can be two formats, such as User Network Interface (UNI) or Network to Network Interface (NNI). The UNI header can ... Read More
Following are some of the services offered by the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) to the processes at the application layer:Stream Delivery Service.Sending and Receiving Buffers.Bytes and Segments.Full Duplex ServiceConnection Oriented Service.Reliable Service.All the above mentioned TCP services are explained below in detail.Stream Delivery ServiceTCP is a stream-oriented protocol. It enables the sending process to deliver data as a stream of bytes and the receiving process to acquire data as a stream of bytes.TCP creates a working environment so that the sending and receiving procedures are connected by an imaginary "tube", as shown in the figure below:Sending and Receiving BuffersThe sending ... Read More
Circuit SwitchingIn this approach, there is a dedicated route between sender and receiver. Before the link is determined in the circuit switching approach, the dedicated route will continue until the connection is eliminated.Message SwitchingMessage Switching is an approach in which a message is sent as a whole unit and routed by the intermediate hub at which it is saved and delivered. There is no installation of a dedicated route between the sender and receiver in the message switching approach.The destination location is added to the message. It supports flexible routing as the message is routed by the intermediate hub based ... Read More
Packet switching merges the benefit of the message and circuit switching. Long messages are divided into smaller units known as packets.A question appears as to how the network will manage this flow of packets as it tries to path them through the network and transfer them to the planned designation. In a packet-switched network, data is transmitted in discrete units of potentially variable length of blocks known as packets.The maximum length of packets depends on the network. In this, longer size messages are broken into multiple packets. Each packet contains the data with a header. The header includes the control ... Read More
In message switching, the sending device joins the destination location to the communication and develops it to the network. The message is then generated by the web from one node to the other node, because it arrives at the predetermined destination.Each switching hub gets a message, stores it momentarily and afterward, sends it to the following hub, as shown in the diagram below.An example of message switching is emails, PC documents, telegrams and transaction queries and responses. A full exchange can include various messages.If a message is transmitted from station A to station B, it can take either path 1-2-3-4 ... Read More