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To rescale ylim and xlim automatically, we can take the following steps −To plot a line, use plot() method and data range from 0 to 10.To scale the xlim and ylim automatically, we can make the variable scale_factore=6.Use scale_factor (from Step 2) to rescale the xlim and ylim, using xlim() and ylim() methods, respectively.To display the figure, use show() method.Examplefrom matplotlib import pyplot as plt plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = [7.00, 3.50] plt.rcParams["figure.autolayout"] = True plt.plot(range(0, 10)) scale_factor = 6 xmin, xmax = plt.xlim() ymin, ymax = plt.ylim() plt.xlim(xmin * scale_factor, xmax * scale_factor) plt.ylim(ymin * scale_factor, ymax * scale_factor) plt.show()OutputRead More
To plot shapely polygons and objects using matplotlib, the steps are as follows −Create a polygon object using (x, y) data points.Get x and y, the exterior data, and the array using polygon.exterior.xy.Plot x and y data points using plot() method with red color.Examplefrom shapely.geometry import Polygon import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = [7.00, 3.50] plt.rcParams["figure.autolayout"] = True polygon1 = Polygon([(0, 5), (1, 1), (3, 0), (4, 6), ]) x, y = polygon1.exterior.xy plt.plot(x, y, c="red") plt.show()Output
The shortest path routing algorithm is an extensively set up non-adaptive routing algorithm that routes a packet dependent on Dijkstra's important shortest path algorithm. In this methodology, packets that appear at a node take one of the shortest paths to a specific destination on the system.The shortcoming of this manner is that it does not consider the modification in the network traffic powerfully. For instance, queuing brings congestion in the middle nodes developing in packets being deferred before arriving at the destination. In this approach, it would be beneficial to advance packets to choose routes that cannot be the shortest ... Read More
ATM is a connection-oriented network at a point where the sender or user which access devices are known as end-point, these end-points connected through a user to network interface (UNI) to the switches on the network, these switches provide a network to network interface (NNI).The architecture of the ATM is shown in the figure below.ATM transfers the information through a transmission path which is made up of a logical virtual path and virtual channel. The transmission path consists of the physical cable, which is connected to an ATM switch. The cables have a transfer speed of up to 155 megabits ... Read More
An ultimate form of multiplexing used in parts of the cellular telephone system and for some satellite communication is called Code Division Multiplexing (CDM). The specific version of CDM used in cell phones is called Code Division Multi-Access (CDMA).CDM does not rely on physical properties, including frequency or time. It can depend on an interesting numerical idea such as values from orthogonal vector spaces can be merged and separated without interference. The specific form used in the telephone network is the easiest to learn. Each sender is created a unique binary code Ci that is called chip sequence.Chip sequences are ... Read More
A transmission system is classified as asynchronous if the system enables the physical channel to be useless for an arbitrary time between two transmissions. The asynchronous design of communication is well-appropriated to applications that create data at random (e.g., a user classifying on a keyboard or a user that press on a link to include a web page, reads for a while, and then press on a link to include another page).The drawback of asynchrony improves from the lack of coordination between sender and receiver while the channel is empty. A receiver cannot know how long the channel will remain ... Read More
The alternative to parallel transmission, called serial transmission, sends one bit at a time. With the importance of speed, it may seem that anyone designing a data communications system would choose parallel transmission. However, most communication systems use serial mode.Following are the two main reasons for serial transmission−First, serial networks can be continued over long distances at much less cost because fewer physical wires are required, and intermediate electronic elements are less cheap.Second, using only one physical wire defines that there are never timing issues caused by one wire being slightly higher than another (a difference of millimetres can be ... Read More
FDDI stands for Fiber Distributed Data Interface. It is a collection of ANSI and ISO standards for data transmission on fiber-optic lines in a local area network (LAN) that can broaden in the range up to 200 km (124 miles). The FDDI protocol depends on the token ring protocol.FDDI cabling consists of two fiber rings, one transmitting clockwise and the other transmitting counterclockwise. Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) is generally implemented as a dual token-passing ring within a ring topology (for campus networks) or star topology (inside a building). The dual ring includes a primary and secondary ring.The primary ring ... Read More
The error-reporting message defines that the router encounters a problem when it processes an IP packet, then it reports a message. Error messages are continually transmitted to the original source because the only data possible in the datagram around the route is the source and destination IP addresses.The error reporting messages are generally classified into the following types−When a router cannot route a datagram, or a host cannot transfer a datagram, the datagram is rejected, and the router or the host share a destination-unreachable message back to the source host that proposed the datagram.Destination unreachable messages with codes 2 or ... Read More
IEEE 802.3 StandardThe IEEE 802.3 standard is popularly called as Ethernet or CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect). Ethernet is a LAN architecture developed by XEROX and extended by DEC, IC and Xerox. It is specified by IEEE 802.3, and it defines two categories such as Baseband and Broadband.Standard Ethernet network facilitates CSMA/CD. When a station needs to send, it listens to the wire. If the wire is busy, the station waits just before it goes idle, otherwise, it sends directly.If two or more stations together begin sending on an idle cable, they will collide. All colliding stations then remove ... Read More