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A TCP connection is a full-duplex connection. To understand the connection release, we can consider them to be a pair of simplex connections. We can then imagine that each simplex connection is being released independently. Releasing a TCP connection is symmetric. Either port can send a TCP segment with the FIN bit set, meaning it has no more information to send when the FIN is acknowledged that direction is shut down. Still, data can continue to flow continually in the other direction.If a FIN response is not taken within two maximum packet lifetimes, the FIN's sender releases the connection. The ... Read More
The connection is established in TCP using the three-way handshake as discussed earlier to create a connection. One side, say the server, passively stays for an incoming link by implementing the LISTEN and ACCEPT primitives, either determining a particular other side or nobody in particular.The other side performs a connect primitive specifying the I/O port to which it wants to join. The maximum TCP segment size available, other options are optionally like some private data (example password).The CONNECT primitive transmits a TCP segment with the SYN bit on and the ACK bit off and waits for a response.The sequence of ... Read More
Every TCP segment consists of a 20 byte fixed format header. Header options may follow the fixed header. With a header so that it can tag up to 65535 data bytes.The TCP header format is shown in the figure below −Source PortIt is a 16-bit source port number used by the receiver to reply.Destination PortIt is a 16-bit destination port number.Sequence NumberThe sequence number of the first data byte in this segment. During the SYN Control bit is set, and the sequence number is n, and the first data byte is n + 1.Acknowledgement NumberIf the ACK control bit is ... Read More
The transport layer is a fourth layer from the top. The transport layer's central role is to support the broadcasting services precisely to the application procedures running on multiple hosts.It includes the transport service of the session layer entities quality, where quality is determined in the condition of residual error rate, throughput interruption and other quality checking frameworks.It can do splitting, multiplexing, blocking or segmenting on the requirement. It provides end to end connectivity. It can carry out the messages sequencing and exercise end-to-end error control to provide the transport service quality.The transport layer provides its services to session layer ... Read More
The Distance-Vector routing algorithm is known by other names. Bellman-Ford routing algorithm and the Ford-Fulkerson algorithm are generally distributed after the researchers create it (Bellman 1957, and Ford and Fulkerson, 1962).FeaturesFollowing are the features of the distance vector routing are −The routers send the knowledge of the whole autonomous framework.Sharing of data takes place only with the neighbours.Sending of data holds place at constant, ordinary intervals, declared every 30 seconds.In this algorithm, each router evaluates the distance between itself and every achievable destination. This is accomplished by assessing the distance between a router and all of its immediate router neighbours ... Read More
Non-adaptive algorithm or static routing is independent of the current traffic and topology volume. They determine the route to which a datagram is to send off-line. The route is computed and downloaded to the routers when the network is booted. Thus, routing data is manually specified. It provides fixed-route data to each router. If there is no transform in route, it is created manually. This procedure is also called static routing.Random WalkIn this technique, a packet is transmitted by the node to one of its neighbours casually. This algorithm is hugely powerful. When the network is hugely associated, this algorithm ... Read More
The network layer offers its functions to the transport layer, and for that, it takes services of the data link layer. Its functions are carried out by adding a header to every Network Service data unit (N-SDU). This header is in the form of Protocol Control Information (PCI). Thus a formed Network protocol data unit is transported over the existing data-link connection.The functions of the network layer are as follows −Network ConnectionWhen the Network layer receives a call request from the transport layer, it establishes a network connection across the subnetwork. For this, it makes use of data link connections. ... Read More
PPP is a protocol that is generally used to provide similar functionality as SLIP. It is the best robust protocol that can transfer different types of packets also along with IP Packets. It can also be needed for dial-up and hired router-router lines. It generally supports the framing techniques to represent frames. It can transfer diagrams across a serial connection to transfer IP traffic over the point-to-point connection as an encapsulation protocol.It can provide the responsibility and executive of IP addresses, asynchronous and bit-oriented synchronous encapsulation, network protocol multiplexing, link configuration, etc. It can support an extensible Link Control Protocol (LCP) ... Read More
A mode in HDLC is the realigning between two machines contained in a network. The mode describes who controls the link. HDLC determines three types of stations such as primary, secondary, and combined.A primary station is a controlling station on a connection. It controls the secondary stations on the connection and handles data flow and error recovery.A secondary station as existing on a connection where there is a primary station. The secondary station is contained by the primary station and has no explicit authority for maintaining the connection.A combined station is a combination of primary and secondary stations.HDLC Operational ModesThere ... Read More
The HDLC process is regulated by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). This is possible for high-speed communication of a high amount of information. The necessary control process cannot support this communication.The HDLC process has been regulated and established on the SDLC. In addition to the characters, bit strings of the acquired length can also be sent through this process. The unit of data communication is known as a frame.HDLC Frame StructureTo provide support for all options in the mode and configuration, HDLC defines three types of frames.Information Frames (IF)The I-Frame is as follows −FlagAddressControl User Information FCS Flag ... Read More