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When electric current is passed through a conductor, heat is generated in the conductor. This effect of electric current is known as heating effect of electric current.In practice, when electric current is passed through the element of an electric heater, the element of the heater becomes red hot, because the electrical energy is converted into the heat energy. This is called heating effect of electric current and is used in manufacturing of many heating appliances like electric iron, electric kettle etc.Cause of Heating Effect of Electric CurrentWhen a potential difference is applied across the ends of a conductor, the free ... Read More
When a current carrying conductor is placed at right angles to a magnetic field, it is found that a force acts on the conductor in a direction perpendicular to the direction of both the magnetic field and the current.ExplanationConsider a straight conductor carrying a current of I amperes. If the magnetic flux density is B, the effective length of the conductor is l and θ is the angle which the conductor makes with the direction of the magnetic field.It has been found by experiments that the magnitude of the force (F) acting on the conductor is directly proportional to −Magnetic ... Read More
An English electrical engineer and physicist Sir John Ambrose Fleming established two rules, known as Fleming's Left-Hand Rule and Fleming's Right-Hand Rule which are widely used in electrical machines.When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a mechanical force acts on the conductor. The direction this force is determined by Fleming's Left-Hand Rule. The left-hand rule is mainly applicable in electric motors.Also, when a conductor is moved in a magnetic field, an emf is induced in the conductor due to which an electric current flows in the conductor. The direction this induced current is determined by Fleming's ... Read More
The optical disk storage system includes a rotating disk coated with a diminished layer of metal that facilitates a reflective surface and a laser beam, which is used as a read/write head for recording information onto the disk. Unlike magnetic disk, the optical layer consists of a single long track in the form of a spiral shape. The spiral shape of the track produces the optical disk applicable for reading huge blocks of sequential information onto it, including music.Types of Optical DisksThere are two types of optical disks which are as follows −Compact Disk (CD) − The terminology CD used ... Read More
Magnetic tape transport includes the robotic, mechanical, and electronic components to support the methods and control structure for a magnetic tape unit. The tape is a layer of plastic coated with a magnetic documentation medium.Magnetic tapes are used in most organizations to save data files. Magnetic tapes use a read-write mechanism. The read-write mechanism defines writing data on or reading data from a magnetic tape. The tapes sequentially save the data manner. In this sequential processing, the device should start searching at the starting and check each record until the desired information is available.Magnetic tape is the low-cost average for ... Read More
A magnetic disk is a storage device that can be assumed as the shape of a Gramophone record. This disk is coated on both sides with a thin film of Magnetic material. This magnetic material has the property that it can store either ‘1’ or ‘0] permanently. The magnetic material has square loop hysteresis (curve) which can remain in one out of two possible directions which correspond to binary ‘1’ or ‘0’. Bits are saved in the magnetized surface in marks along concentric circles known as tracks. The tracks are frequently divided into areas known as sectors.In this system, the ... Read More
In a multiprogramming system, the main memory is broken into two parts as one part for the operating system (resident monitor) ad one part for the program currently being implemented. In a multiprogramming system, the “user” part of memory is divided to contain various processes. The task of the subdivision is carried out dynamically by the operating framework and is called memory management.Address spaces − The Pentium-II contains hardware for both segmentation and paging. Both mechanisms can be disabled, enabling the user to select from the definite aspect of memory −Unsegmented unpaged memory − In this case, the virtual address ... Read More
LatchA latch is a device with particularly two stable states and these states are high-output and low-output. A latch has a feedback direction, to maintain the data. Latches can be memory devices and can save one bit of information. It is used to “latch onto” data and save it in the required area. One of the most generally used latches is the SR latch.An SR latch is an asynchronous device. An SR latch does not rely upon control signals but relies only on the state of the S and R inputs. An SR latch can be generated by interlinking two ... Read More
Classic mask-programmed ROM chips are joined circuits that physically encode the information to be saved, and therefore it is inaccessible to modify their contents after fabrication. Several methods of non-volatile solid-state memory allow some degree of modification −Programmable read-only memory (PROM) − It is a one-time programmable ROM (OTP) and can be written to or programmed through a unique device known as a PROM programmer. This device uses high voltages to permanently damage or generate internal connections (fuses or anti-fuses) inside the chip.Erasable Programmable read-only memory (EPROM) − It can be erased by hazard to powerful ultraviolet light (generally for ... Read More
Convex was the first device produce to commercialize a CC-NUMA machine, known as the SPP1000. SPP represents a Scalable Parallel Processor. The goals of the SPP Exemplar series are to make a family of high-implementation computers where the multiple processors can simply range from 10 to 1000 and the peak implementation would arrive at the TeraFLOPS.The node of the SP1000 is symmetric multiprocessors, called hyper nodes. Each hypernode includes four functional blocks and an I/O subsystem. Each functional block includes two CPUs (HP PA-RISCs) sending an individual CPU agent, and a memory unit influencing hypernode private memory data, global memory ... Read More