Data Structure
Networking
RDBMS
Operating System
Java
MS Excel
iOS
HTML
CSS
Android
Python
C Programming
C++
C#
MongoDB
MySQL
Javascript
PHP
SolutionStep1 − Construct Augmented Grammar(0) S′ → S(1) S → CC(2) C → cC(3) C → d.Step2 − Find closure & goto to construct LR (1) itemsApplying goto on I7, I8, I9In I7, I8, I9 we have production C → d ∙, $, c → cC ∙, c | d and ∙ C → cC ∙, $ respectively, i.e., the dot cannot be shifted further.So, goto cannot be applied to I7, I8, I9.Drawing DFAFirst of all, 10 states, i.e., I0 to I9 will act as nodes for DFA.Edges are joined using goto statements. For example, goto(I0, S) = I1∴ There ... Read More
A mathematical set is a collection of unique elements or a collection of elements that are different from each other. If we want to find a mathematical set using a data frame column then we can simply use unique function.For Example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a column say X then we can find the mathematical set using X with the help of below command −unique(df$X)Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −x
To change the color of gridlines of a ggplot2 graph in R, we can use theme function with panel.grid.major and panel.grid.minor arguments where we can set the minor and major gridlines color of the plot panel to desired color.To understand how it can be done, check out the below Example.ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample data frame −x
CLR defines canonical lookahead. CLR parsing use the canonical collection of LR (1) items to construct the CLR (1) parsing table. CLR (1) parsing table makes the more number of states as compare to the SLR (1) parsing. In the CLR (1), it can locate the reduce node only in the lookahead symbols.Working of CLR ParserConstruction of LR (1) collection of items for GrammarIt requires three thingsAugmented GrammarClosure Functiongoto FunctionAugmented Grammar It is a new Grammar G′ which contains a new productionS′ → S with all other productions of given grammar G.Closureprocedure closure (I)begin Repeat for each item A → ... Read More
To change the plot border color of a ggplot2 graph in R, we can use theme function with panel.background argument where we can set the border of the plot panel using element_rect to desired color.To understand how it can be done, check out the below Example.ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample data frame −x
Description − Consider the GrammarE → E + T|TT → TF|FF → F*|a|b.SolutionStep1 − Construct the augmented grammar and number the productions.(0) E′ → E(1) E → E + T(2) E → T(3) T → TF(4) T → F(5) F → F ∗(6) F → a(7) F → b.Step2 − Find closure & goto Functions to construct LR (0) items.Box represents the New states, and the circle represents the Repeating State.Computation of FOLLOWWe can find outFOLLOW(E) = {+, $}FOLLOW(T) = {+, a, b, $}FOLLOW(F) = {+, *, a, b, $}Parsing for Input String a * b + a −Stack ... Read More
To find the sum of a column values based on another numerical column in R, we can use with function and define the sum by subsetting the column with the help of single square brackets.For Example, if we have a data frame called df that contains two columns say X and Y then we can find the sum of values in X when Y is greater than 10 by using the command with the following −(df,sum(X[Y10]))Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −x1
SolutionStep1 − Construct Augmented Grammar(0) S′ → S(1) S → x A y(2) S → x B y(3) A → q S(4) A → q(5) B → qStep2 − Find Closure & goto functions to construct LR (0) items. Here Boxes represent New States and Circles represent the repeating state.Step3 − Computation of FOLLOWS → x A yFOLLOW(S) = {$} (1)Applying Rules (2a) of FOLLOW.Comparing S → x a y with A → ... Read More
SolutionStep1 − First of all, convert it into augmented grammar G′ and number the productions(0) S′ → S(1) S → L = R(2) S → R(3) L →∗ R(4) L → id(5) R → LStep2 − Find closure and goto function to construct LR (0) items.In the following set of LR (0) items, Boxes represents the new states and circle represents Repeating statesStep3− Computation of FOLLOW− Applying Rule (1) of FOLLOW, we getFOLLOW(S) = $ (1)S ... Read More
To create horizontal line in xyplot, we can use abline function.For Example, if we have a data frame called df that contains two columns say X and Y and we want to create a scatterplot between X and Y using xyplot with a horizontal line at Y = 2 then we can use the command given below −xyplot(Y~X,df,abline=c(h=2))ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample data frame −x