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To convert first letter into capital in single column data frame in R, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a data frame with string column.Then, use sub function along with mutate function of dplyr package to convert first letter into capital in string column.ExampleCreate the data frameLet’s create a data frame as shown below −Names
To change the border style of a plot using ggplot2 in R, we can use theme function with panel.border argument where we can change the linetype for the plot border using element_rect. There are many linetypes and we can use them as desired.Check out the Example given below to understand how it can be done.ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample data frame −x
To extract the first n values of all elements of a list in R, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a list.Then, use head function with sapply function to extract the first n values of all elements in the list.Example 1Create the listLet’s create a list as shown below −List1
To find the column name that contains value greater than a desired value in each row of an R data frame, we can use apply function along with lapply function.For Example, if we have a data frame called df and we want to extract column names for each row having values greater than 5 then we can use the command given below −lapply(apply(df,1, function(x) which(x5)),names)Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −x1
Sometimes we want to graphs that looks like graphs on a white paper having no axes labels, axes titles, and ticks, therefore, we can use theme_classic function of ggplot2 package.For Example, if we have a data frame called df that contains two columns say x and y then we can create the scatterplot between x and y using ggplot2 that looks like printed on white paper by using the below given command −ggplot(df,aes(x,y))+geom_point()+theme_classic(base_size=0)ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample data frame −x
SolutionConvert the pattern into NFA’sMake a Combined NFAConvert NFA to DFAA = ε − closure (0) = {0, 1, 3, 7}The transition on symbols a, b from state AFor State Aε − closure (Ta) ε − closure (Tb)= ε − closure ({2, 4, 7}) = ε − closure ({8})= {2, 4, 7} = B = {8} = CFor State Bε − closure (7) ... Read More
To extract the last value of all elements of a list in R, we can follow the below stepss −First of all, create a list.Then, use tail function with sapply function to extract the last value of all elements in the list.Example 1Create the listLet’s create a list as shown below −List
To repeat a whole data.table object in R, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a data.table object.Then, use rep function to repeat the data.table object.ExampleCreate the data.table objectLet’s create a data.table object as shown below −library(data.table) x
To find the number of columns where all row values are equal in data.table object in R, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a data.table object.Then, use sum function along with length and apply function to find the number of columns where all row values are equal.Example 1Create the data.table objectLet’s create a data.table object as shown below −library(data.table) x
To find the position of maximum of each numerical column if some columns are categorical in R data frame, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a data frame.Then, use numcolwise function from plyr package to find the maximum of each numerical column if some columns are categorical.Example 1Create the data frameLet’s create a data frame as shown below −Level