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Let us learn the concepts of Fastag and Near Field Communication (NFC).Fast TagFASTag is an electronic scanner system used for toll collection in India, which is operated by the National Highway Authority of India.It incorporates the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology for doing toll payments either prepaid or from savings accounts which are linked to it or directly toll owner.The RFID enabled sticker which is fixed to a vehicle’s windshield, and a reader at the toll booth are used to scan this card and wirelessly and automatically processes the payment.When we pass a FASTag-enabled toll plaza, we don’t need to ... Read More
Let us understand the concepts of Bar code and Fastag.Bar CodeA bar code reader decodes the data contained in the barcode and sends it to the computer. It produces a beam of light or a laser beam to read barcodes which is reflected by the bar code image.A light sensitive detector which is present in the reader identifies the bar code by recognizing special bars on both ends of image. With the help of these special bar's reader is able to identify whether the bar code has been read right side up or upside down.Once a barcode is identified by ... Read More
Considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World, the majesty, and grandeur of Taj Mahal makes it an appealing site for millions of tourists. This monument located in Agra, Uttar Pradesh besides the bank of river Yamuna, is a symbol of Mughal Architectural beauty at its epoch.The monument complex stands as a symbol of the story of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz and also a testimony of the hundreds of laborers who contributed their blood and sweat in the construction of this monument. Taj Mahal stands as a mark of excellence in architecture.Some key points about Taj Mahal can be ... Read More
If the buyer wants to acquire stocks of the targeted company directly from selling to the shareholders, then that acquisition is called stock acquisition. In this, a buyer will get the ownership in both assets and liabilities of the business.In stock acquisition, the buyer sees a potential growth in a particular company’s stocks and hence, the buyer may feel that the current liabilities are manageable or minimum. Buyer will prefer stock sale without necessity of ownership transferring of each stock. This kind of acquisition is a strategic decision of corporate finance roles.FactorsThe factors to be considered in stock acquisition are ... Read More
Asset purchase agreement is the agreement between buyer and seller of an asset. It states the terms and conditions related to the purchase and sale of an asset. The asset may be a plant and machinery, goodwill, stock etc.PrerequisitesThe prerequisites for an asset purchase agreement are as follows −Sale and transfer of chosen asset/assets.Purchase price.Representations.Precedent.Conduct.Closing.Obligations (post – closing).Conditions.Compensation.Terms and termination.Other/miscellaneous.Requirements (Post completion)After completion of the asset purchase agreement, following are the requirements −Stamp duty and stamp duty land tax (if applicable).VAT payment (if applicable).Replacing old contracts.Administrative issues.Reasons for failureThe reasons for failure in this agreement are given below −Dealing with ... Read More
If the buyer wants to purchase an operating asset instead of shares in a merger and acquisition transaction, then that deal is called an asset deal. An asset deal is not a form of acquisition. It comes under transfer of business units/assets.To complete the asset deal transaction, an asset purchase agreement is made between the buyer and the seller. This agreement outlines the asset purchased.Asset purchase agreement (APA) includes payment structure, representations, considerations, warranties, legal structures etc.Asset purchase agreementAsset purchase agreement is used to complete the asset deal transaction. The agreement outlines the specific assets (which will be purchased), total ... Read More
Disinvestments take place when the companies want to liquidate their stocks. If the companies want to change the rules by pressurizing the government or an industry, they will go for disinvestments, which also results in funds reduction.ProcedureThe procedure for a disinvestment in divestiture is as follows −Principle consent by administrative ministry, Centre public sector enterprise (CPSE).Proposal to disinvest by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) approval.With an approval of the finance minister, the Constitution of inter-ministerial group to guide the disinvestment process.Inter-ministerial group appoints the advisers (merchant bankers, legal advisers, book running lead managers).Book running lead managers will give ... Read More
Equity carve out is a process, where a subsidiary company is separated from the parent company. Subsidiary company has a new board of directors and financial statements. Parent company offers strategic support and resources.The parent company also retains controlling the interest in the new entity. Equity carve out allows strategically diversification (other than its core operation).Understanding carve outsParent company sells some of the shares of its subsidiary or child company through Initial public offering (IPO). The subsidiary or child companies have new shareholders after the event. Usually, carve out is followed by full spin off of subsidiaries to shareholders of ... Read More
A split is the process of dividing a company into two or more legal units. Its main aim is to maximize profitability by eliminating the stagnant units.The splits are divided into the following −Split upsCompany is divided into two or more entities, where the parent company loses its existence. In merger and acquisition, split up are corporate actions, where a company is split or divided into more than one company. These companies are independent and they have separate administrations. Share of the parent company is exchanged between newly formed independent companies.Some of the reasons for split ups are as follows ... Read More
Spin offs is the process of creating a new separate legal entity under its own management and board of directors. Parent company distributes the new shares to its existing shareholders.A brief idea of spin offs is given below −Main objectivesThe main objectives of spin off are as follows −Valuation for undervalued assets.Undiversification.To reduce bureaucracy.Promote sponsorship.Better performance.Corporate divestiture.Spin off is used as an operational strategy used by companies to create a subsidiary business from a parent company. In this parent company separate some of its business operations and creates a subsidiary or seconded traded entity and shares of the parent company ... Read More