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Introduction Endonucleases are a class of enzymes that can cleave the phosphodiester bonds within a DNA or RNA molecule. These enzymes play a crucial role in various biological processes such as DNA repair, replication, transcription, and recombination. Endonucleases are also widely used in biotechnology, particularly in molecular biology, for various applications such as genetic engineering, gene therapy, and DNA sequencing. Types of Endonucleases There are several types of endonucleases, classified based on their structure, function, and specificity. Some of the most common types of endonucleases are − Restriction Endonucleases Restriction endonucleases, also known as restriction enzymes, are a type ... Read More
The Serializable interface provides the facility to serialize an object. It does not define any methods and member variables. When a class implements serializable interface it simply indicates this class and its sub-classes can be serialized. The serializable interface serves to achieve the Serialization and Deserialization of an object. In this article, we will discuss the use of Serializable Interface in Java with examples. Serialization and Deserialization in Java Serialization is a mechanism used to represent a given object into a sequence of bytes and its opposite is deserialization which represents a sequence of bytes into an object. Other ... Read More
IntroductionMutagenesis refers to the process of inducing mutations in the genetic material of an organism. Mutations are changes that occur in the DNA sequence, either naturally or through the use of mutagens. These changes can lead to alterations in the phenotype of an organism, which may be beneficial, detrimental or have no effect at all. Mutagenesis is an important tool in genetic research, allowing scientists to study the effects of specific mutations on gene function, and to identify genes involved in specific biological processes. Chemical Mutagenesis Chemical mutagenesis involves the use of chemicals to induce mutations in the ... Read More
Introduction Cosmid vectors are plasmid vectors that are used to carry large fragments of DNA (approximately 35-45kb) in molecular biology research. These vectors are derived from the DNA of a bacteriophage known as P1, which can integrate its DNA into the bacterial genome. Cosmid vectors are widely used in the field of molecular genetics for the construction of genomic libraries, the identification and cloning of genes, and the production of large amounts of recombinant DNA. Cosmid vectors were first developed in the 1970s to clone large fragments of DNA. At the time, researchers were using bacteriophages to clone DNA, ... Read More
The term ‘Polygon’ originated from the Greek words ‘Poly’ which means ‘many’ and ‘gon’ which means ‘angle’. A polygon is a two dimensional closed plane shape created by connecting three or more than three straight lines. For example, triangle, quadrilateral, hexagon and so forth. Although there are many ways to find the area of a polygon in this article, we will use the slicker algorithm for this purpose. Slicker Algorithm to Find Area of a Polygon Slicker Algorithm Two facts you must know, First, according to mathematical convention the y-direction points upwards are always positive. Second, according to computer ... Read More
Introduction The genetic code is the set of instructions that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein. In bacteria, the genetic code is carried by the messenger RNA (mRNA) which is translated by the ribosome. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) play a crucial role in this process by bringing the correct amino acid to the ribosome, according to the codon on the mRNA. Each tRNA is specific for a particular amino acid and has an anticodon that pairs with the codon on the mRNA. In this article, we will focus on the synthesis of the gene for bacterial tyrosine ... Read More
In this tutorial, we will learn how to display notnull rows and columns in a Python dataframe with the help of some libraries. We will be using the Pandas library in this tutorial. A dataframe is a data structure in pandas similar to an Excel sheet or a SQL table. It is a two-dimensional labeled data structure that can hold multiple columns of potentially different types of data such as integer, float, string, etc. Pandas provides a powerful data structure, "dataframe" and other useful methods to work on huge data. Approach 1 One way to display the non-null rows and ... Read More
In this tutorial, we will learn how to display the most frequent value in a Pandas series with the help of Python. We will be using the Pandas library in this tutorial. A series is a data structure in pandas that is similar to a column in an Excel sheet or a SQL table. It is a one-dimensional labeled data structure that can hold different data types such as integer, float, string, etc. The most frequent value is the one that appears most often in the series. In mathematical terms, it is the mode of the data. Approach 1 One ... Read More
In this tutorial, we will learn to delete only one row in csv with python. We will be using the Pandas library. Pandas is an open-source library for data analysis; it is one of the most popular python libraries to investigate the data and insights. It includes several functionalities to perform operations on data sets. It can be combined with other libraries like NumPy to perform specific functions with the data. We will use the drop() method to delete the row from any csv file. In this tutorial, we will illustrate three examples to delete the row from the csv ... Read More
Introduction Signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) is a powerful genetic technique used in molecular biology to identify genes that are essential for the survival or virulence of a pathogen. STM is a useful tool for studying bacterial pathogens because it allows researchers to identify genes that are required for the pathogen to survive and cause disease. STM is a method that involves the random mutagenesis of a pathogen's genome, followed by the identification of mutants that are unable to survive or grow under specific conditions. STM was first developed in the 1980s by Stanley Falkow and his colleagues as a tool ... Read More