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Keywords Genetic manipulation, gene expression, Cre recombinase, recognition site, P1 bacteriophage, genomes, recombination. Introduction Cre-Lox is a powerful tool for genetic manipulation in vivo because it allows for excellent spatial and temporal control of gene expression. This is invaluable when working with animal models, where unchecked gene expression or complete gene knockout may be detrimental or lethal. As the name suggests, the Cre-Lox system relies on two components to function: a Cre recombinase, and its recognition site, loxP. These components have been adapted from the P1 bacteriophage for use in genetic manipulation. LoxP sites are directional 34 bp sequences made ... Read More
Keywords DNA sequencing, next-generation sequencing, genetics, sequencing cost, study design, rare variant, nucleotide. Introduction Coverage is one of several measures of the depth or completeness of DNA sequencing and is more specifically expressed in genetics. Coverage describes the number of sequencings reads that are uniquely mapped to a reference and “cover” a known part of the genome. Ideally, the sequencing reads that uniquely aligned are uniformly distributed across the reference genome and hence provide uniform coverage. The number of sequencings that reads that map to a known region is also an important part of coverage. Coverage is not uniform and ... Read More
Introduction Digital compressed multiplication equipment (DCME) is an electronic device made to conduct multiplication operations using digital compression methods. It is utilised in many fields, including banking, engineering, and scientific research, where quick and precise computations are necessary. The DCME is a crucial tool for high-performance computing applications because it can complete complicated computations in a fraction of the time needed by conventional techniques. The DCME has evolved into a crucial element in contemporary computing systems, providing quicker and more effective data processing thanks to its sophisticated algorithms and specialised hardware. Overview of DCME A digital signal processing device ... Read More
Keywords BLAST, bioinformatics, heuristic algorithm, program, biological sequence, proteins, nucleotides, database sequences, maximal segment pair, alignments, DNA and RNA sequences. Introduction BLAST (basic local alignment search tool) in bioinformatics, is an algorithm and program for comparing primary biological sequence information, such as the amino acid sequences of proteins or the nucleotides of DNA and RNA sequences. BLAST search enables a researcher to compare a subject protein or nucleotide sequence with a library or database of sequences and identify database sequences that resemble alphabet above a certain threshold. The heuristic algorithm it uses is much faster than other approaches, such as ... Read More
Keywords Beneficial microorganisms, rhizosphere, biofertilizers, soil fertility, crop production, sustainable agriculture, integrated plant production, evaluation, crops, inorganic fertilizers, soil fertility, organic fertilizers, fertilizer application, nutrients, organic matter, plant nutrition, cropping systems. Introduction Biofertilizer is a substance which contains living micro-organisms which, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant. Biofertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation, solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-promoting substances producing healthy plants. Biofertilizers ... Read More
Introduction to DCR Digital Cable Ready (DCR) means any TV that is smart enough to not require any external set-top box for getting access to various national and international channels. In the earlier days, when there were limited channels, no one felt the need to get access to any channels because everyone had to watch the same limited channels. But now, every day new channels are getting coined and people are not capable of accessing all those channels in one electronic device. That is why they prefer to get only those that are easily accessible through the external set-top ... Read More
In this problem statement, our task is to get the combinations of all items in an array with the help of Javascript functionalities. So for doing this task we can use a recursive approach that iteratively adds items to a running list of combinations. Understanding the problem statement The problem statement is to write a function in Javascript that will help to find out the combinations of all the elements in an array and create a separate array to show these combinations. For example, if we have an array [ 1, 2 ] so the combinations of this array will ... Read More
In this problem statement, our task is to add a unique id for every object entry in a JSON object with the help of Javascript. So for doing this task we will use a loop and a variable to store the id for each object in the JSON object. Understanding the problem statement The problem statement is to write a function in Javascript by which we can add a unique id to every item in the given JSON object. For updating every JSON object by adding new id to every object we will use basic Javascript functionality. For example we ... Read More
Keywords Microarrays, biosensors, genomic analyses, clinical trials, microreactor. Introduction Biochip is a set of diminished microarrays that are placed on a strong substrate that allows many experiments to be executed at the same time to obtain a high throughput in less time. This device contains millions of sensor elements or biosensors. These are not electronic devices. Biochip can be considered as a microreactor that can detect a particular analyte like an enzyme, protein, DNA, biological molecule, or antibody. Biochip, a bio-microarray device, has been extensively studied and developed to enable large-scale genomic, proteomic, and functional genomic analyses. Due to the ... Read More
Keywords Recombinant DNA, genetic engineering, genes, gene cloning, genetic manipulations. Introduction Basic tools are necessary for the process to generate recombinant DNA molecules which are enzymes, vectors, and host organisms. The most important enzymes required for genetic engineering are the restriction enzymes, DNA ligase and alkaline phosphatase etc. Each DNA strand contains thousands of genes. Genetic engineering is the process of using gene cloning and other genetic manipulations to isolate specific genes and use it for research and other purposes. Tools Used in Genetic Engineering The list of ten tools/enzymes that are commonly used in genetic engineering are discussed below. ... Read More