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Unsorted Array − An array is a data structure consisting of a collection of elements of the same type. An unsorted array is such a structure where the order of elements is random, i.e. on insertion, the element is added to the last irrespective of the order of previous elements and searching in such an array is not helped by any search algorithm because of lack of a pattern of the positioning of elements. Searching − Searching in an array means finding a particular element in the array which can be either returning the position of a desired element or ... Read More
Fortunate Numbers − It is the smallest integer m > 1 such that, for a given positive integer n, pn# + m is a prime number, where pn# is the product of the first n prime numbers. For example, for calculating the third fortunate number, first calculate the product of the first 3 prime numbers (2, 3, 5) i.e. 30. Upon adding 2 we get 32 which is an even number, adding 3 gives 33 which is a multiple of 3. One would similarly rule out integers up to 6. Adding 7 gives, 37 which is a prime number. Thus, ... Read More
Friendly Numbers − According to number theory, friendly numbers are two or more numbers having the same abundancy index. Abundancy Index − Abundancy index of a natural number can be defined as the ratio between the sum of all the divisors of the natural number and the natural number itself. The abundancy of a number n can be expressed as $\mathrm{\frac{\sigma(n)}{n}}$ where $\mathrm{\sigma(n)}$ denotes the divisor function equal to all the divisors of n. For example, the abundancy index of the natural number 30 is, $$\mathrm{\frac{\sigma(30)}{30}=\frac{1+2+3+5+6+10+15+30}{30}=\frac{72}{30}=\frac{12}{5}}$$ A number n is said to be a ‘friendly number’ if there exists a ... Read More
Hierarchical data is often used to represent multiple levels of nested groups or categories. For example, a company may have a hierarchy of employees, departments, and locations. A product may have a hierarchy of categories and subcategories. One of the challenges of working with hierarchical data is how to represent it in a tabular format which can make it easy to manipulate and analyze. In this article, we are going to present hierarchical data using Pandas' built-in methods like 'set_index()' and 'groupby()'. Python Program to Represent Hierarchical Data using Pandas First, let's briefly discuss Pandas and its ... Read More
A sequence is a collection of objects, and in our case, it is a collection of integers. The task is to find if a sequence with the usage of the addition and subtraction operator within the elements is divisible by M or not. Problem Statement Given an integer M and an array of integers. Using only addition and subtraction between elements check if there is a valid sequence whose solution is divisible by M. Sample Example 1 Input: M = 2, arr = {1, 2, 5} Output: TRUE Explanation − For the given array a valid sequence {1 ... Read More
Finding the percentile rank is a common operation that is used for comparison between data of a single dataset. The end result of this operation shows a certain percentage is greater than or equal to the specified percentile. For instance, suppose a student obtains a score greater than or equal to 80% of all other scores. Then, the percentile rank of that student is 80th. To find the percentile rank of a column in a Pandas DataFrame, we can use the built-in methods named 'rank()' and 'percentile()' provided by Python. Python Program to find Percentile Rank of ... Read More
XNOR(Exclusive-NOR) gate is a digital logic gate that takes two inputs and gives one output. Its function is the logical complement of the Exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. The output is TRUE if both inputs are the same and FALSE if the inputs are different. The truth table of the XNOR gate is given below. A B Output 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Problem Statement Given two numbers x and y. Find the XNOR of the two numbers. Sample Example 1 Input: x ... Read More
Introduction The text discusses the concept of a model in machine learning, its various forms, and how to evaluate its accuracy. It explains accuracy as a common evaluation metric used in machine learning and its limitations and provides an example of a Python program that demonstrates how to check the accuracy of a machine−learning model. The text also explains model accuracy as a performance metric for classification models and its usefulness in evaluating the overall performance of a model, while cautioning that other metrics may be more appropriate in certain situations. Model in Machine Learning In machine learning, ... Read More
Introduction Parsing and converting HTML files to XML format are regular activities that frequently emerge in the field of web development and data processing. In contrast to XML, which is a flexible markup language that makes data sharing and storage easier, HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the industry standard language for structuring and presenting information on the web. Data extraction, data transformation, and system compatibility are just a few uses for which it might be advantageous to convert HTML to XML. The importance of parsing and converting HTML to XML There are several reasons why parsing and converting ... Read More
Let x and y be two numbers. In this case, x is said to be a divisor of y if when y is divided by x it returns zero remainder. The maximum occurring divisor in an interval is the number that is a divisor of the maximum number of elements of that interval. Problem Statement Given an interval [a, b]. Find the maximum occurring divisor in the range including both a and b, except ‘1’. In case all divisors have equal occurrence, return 1. Sample Example 1 Input [2, 5] Output 2 Explanation − Divisors of 2 = ... Read More