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- Construction of Transformer
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- Three-Phase Transformer
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- DC Machines
- Construction of DC Machines
- Types of DC Machines
- Working Principle of DC Generator
- EMF Equation of DC Generator
- Types of DC Generators
- Working Principle of DC Motor
- Back EMF in DC Motor
- Types of DC Motors
- Losses in DC Machines
- Applications of DC Machines
- Induction Motors
- Introduction to Induction Motor
- Single-Phase Induction Motor
- Three-Phase Induction Motor
- Construction of Three-Phase Induction Motor
- Three-Phase Induction Motor on Load
- Characteristics of 3-Phase Induction Motor
- Speed Regulation and Speed Control
- Methods of Starting 3-Phase Induction Motors
- Synchronous Machines
- Introduction to 3-Phase Synchronous Machines
- Construction of Synchronous Machine
- Working of 3-Phase Alternator
- Armature Reaction in Synchronous Machines
- Output Power of 3-Phase Alternator
- Losses and Efficiency of 3-Phase Alternator
- Working of 3-Phase Synchronous Motor
- Equivalent Circuit and Power Factor of Synchronous Motor
- Power Developed by Synchronous Motor
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- Electrical Machines - Discussion
Construction of Synchronous Machine
Like any other rotating electrical machine, a synchronous machine (generator or motor) has two essential parts namely,
Stator − It is a stationary part of the machine and carries the armature winding.
Rotor − It is the rotating part of the machine. The rotor of a synchronous machine produces the main field flux.
In this chapter, let's discuss how the Stator and Rotor of a Synchronous Machine is constructed.
Stator Construction
The stator of a synchronous machine includes various parts like frame, stator core, stator windings and cooling mechanisms, etc. The frame is the outer part of the machine, and made up of cast iron for small-sized machines, and of welded steel for large-sized machines. The frame encloses the whole machine assembly and protects it from mechanical and environmental impacts.
The stator core is a hollow cylinder which is made up of high-grade silicon steel laminations. The silicon steel laminations reduce the hysteresis and eddy-current losses in the machine. A number of evenly spaced slots are provided on the inner periphery of the stator core. A three-phase winding is put in these slots. When current flows through the stator winding, it produces a sinusoidal magnetic field and hence the EMF.
Rotor Construction
In synchronous machines, there are two types of rotor constructions used namely, salient-pole rotor and cylindrical rotor.
Salient-Pole Rotor
The term salient means projecting. Hence, a salient-pole rotor is one that consists of field poles projecting out from the surface of the rotor core as shown in Figure-2.
Since the rotor is subjected to a changing magnetic field, therefore it is made up of thin steel lamination to reduce the eddy current loss. The field poles of same dimensions are constructed by stacking laminations of the required length and then riveted together. After wounding the field coils around each pole core, poles are fitted to a steel spider keyed to the rotor shaft.
At the outer end of each pole, damper bars are provided to dame out the oscillations of rotor during sudden changes in the load. Though, the synchronous machines using the salient-pole rotor have a non-uniform air gap, where the air gap is minimum under the pole centers and it is maximum in between the field poles. The pole face (outer end of the pole) is so shaped that length of the radial air-gap increases from the pole center to the pole tip so it can result a sinusoidal distribution of flux in the air-gap. This will ensure the smooth operation of synchronous machine.
In the salient-pole rotor, the individual field coils are connected in series so that they can give alternate north and south poles. The ends of the field coils are connected to a source of DC supply though brushes and slip-rings.
The synchronous machines having salient-pole rotor usually have a large number of field poles, and operate at lower speeds. These machines have a larger diameter and a shorter axial-length.
Cylindrical Rotor
This type of synchronous machine rotor construction has a smooth cylindrical structure. In case of cylindrical rotor, there are no physical poles projecting outward. The cylindrical rotor is made from slid forgings of high-grade Ni-Cr-Mo steel.
On the outer periphery of the rotor, evenly spaced slots are cut in about two-third part of the rotor and theses slots are parallel to the rotor shaft. The field windings are placed in these slots. The field windings are excited from a source of DC supply. The un-slotted part of the rotor forms pole-faces.
The synchronous machines that use cylindrical rotor have a smaller diameter and longer axial length. The cylindrical rotor construction limits the effect of centrifugal forces. Consequently, the cylindrical rotor construction is mainly used in high-speed synchronous machines. Also, this rotor construction provides a greater mechanical strength and permits relatively more accurate dynamic balancing to the machine.
The major advantage of having a synchronous machine using cylindrical rotor is that it makes less mechanical losses. Since the cylindrical rotor provides a uniform air-gap in the machine, hence their operation is less noisy.
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