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The Bluetooth Protocol Architecture
Bluetooth network technology connects mobile devices wirelessly over a short-range to form a personal area network (PAN). The Bluetooth architecture has its own independent model with a stack of protocols, instead of following the standard OSI model or TCP/IP model.
The protocols in the Bluetooth standard can be loosely grouped into the physical layer, data link layer, middleware layer, and application layer as shown in the following diagram −
Protocols in the Bluetooth Protocol Architecture
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Physical Layer − This includes Bluetooth radio and Baseband (also in the data link layer.
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Radio − This is a physical layer equivalent protocol that lays down the physical structure and specifications for transmission of radio waves. It defines air interface, frequency bands, frequency hopping specifications, and modulation techniques.
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Baseband − This protocol takes the services of radio protocol. It defines the addressing scheme, packet frame format, timing, and power control algorithms.
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Data Link Layer − This includes Baseband, Link Manager Protocol (LMP), and Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP).
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Link Manager Protocol (LMP) − LMP establishes logical links between Bluetooth devices and maintains the links for enabling communications. The other main functions of LMP are device authentication, message encryption, and negotiation of packet sizes.
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Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) − L2CAP provides adaption between upper layer frame and baseband layer frame format. L2CAP provides support for both connection-oriented as well as connectionless services.
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Middleware Layer − This includes Radio Frequency Communications (RFComm) protocol, adopted protocols, SDP, and AT commands.
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RFComm − It is short for Radio Frontend Component. It provides a serial interface with WAP.
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Adopted Protocols − These are the protocols that are adopted from standard models. The commonly adopted protocols used in Bluetooth are Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), Internet Protocol (IP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and Wireless Application Protocol (WAP).
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Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)− SDP takes care of service-related queries like device information so as to establish a connection between contending Bluetooth devices.
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AT Commands − ATtention command set.
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Applications Layer − This includes the application profiles that allow the user to interact with the Bluetooth applications.
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