Introduction Symmetric hybrids are chromosomes that have a balanced distribution of genetic information between two homologous chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes are a pair of chromosomes that carry the same genes, but they may carry different alleles (variations) of those genes. In symmetric hybrids, the genetic information on both chromosomes is equally ... Read More

Introduction Genetic transformation is an essential tool in the field of plant biotechnology that allows the introduction of desired traits into plants. Plant transformation vectors are genetic tools that enable the transfer of foreign genes into plant cells. These vectors act as vehicles to carry the desired genes into ... Read More

Introduction Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is a set of guidelines, procedures, and standards for conducting non-clinical laboratory studies in accordance with regulatory requirements. GLP regulations are put in place to ensure the accuracy, reliability, and integrity of data generated from laboratory studies. In this article, we will discuss what GLP ... Read More

Insight into Transgenics Transgenics, the genetic modification of organisms by the introduction of foreign DNA, has become an important tool in biotechnology. It has been used to produce transgenic animals, plants, and microorganisms, for a range of applications from the development of pharmaceuticals and vaccines to the production of crops ... Read More

Introduction Transgenic crops are genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that have been altered in a laboratory setting to possess specific agronomic traits. Agronomic traits refer to the various characteristics that crops exhibit such as resistance to pests and diseases, increased yield, and tolerance to abiotic stress such as drought and salinity. ... Read More

Introduction Transgenic organisms, also known as genetically modified organisms (GMOs), are organisms that have had their DNA artificially altered by the insertion of foreign genes. These modifications can be made for a variety of purposes, such as improving crop yields, increasing disease resistance, or producing new medicines. While there are ... Read More

Introduction Protoplast fusion is a technique used in genetic engineering, plant breeding, and plant biotechnology. It involves the fusion of two plant protoplasts, or cells that have had their cell walls removed, to create a hybrid plant. Protoplast fusion has been used to create new plant varieties with desirable traits, ... Read More

Introduction Plant tissue culture is a widely used technique in the production of secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are organic compounds that are not essential for the survival of the plant but play important roles in plant defence mechanisms, as well as in the treatment of diseases in humans. Secondary ... Read More

Introduction Plant transformation is the process of introducing foreign genes or genetic material into the genome of a plant, resulting in a genetically modified organism (GMO). It is a powerful tool that has revolutionized the field of plant biotechnology, allowing scientists to develop crops that are resistant to pests ... Read More

Introduction In the field of biology, growth and regeneration are fundamental processes that are essential for the survival of organisms. However, the storage and preservation of biological materials are equally important, as they ensure the continuity and reproducibility of research. Discussed below are various media and techniques used for growth, ... Read More